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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (2)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (2)
  • Evolution strategy  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Ubiquitin ; Phylogeny ; Sponges ; Geodia cydonium ; Evolution strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ubiquitin is a 76-residue protein which is highly conserved among eukaryotes. Sponge (Porifera) ubiquitin, isolated from Geodia cydonium, is encoded by a gene (termed GCUBI) with six repeats, GCUBI-1 to GCUBI-6. All repeat units encode the same protein (with one exception: GCUBI-4 encodes ubiquitin with a change of Leu to Val at position 71). On the nt level the sequences of the six repeats differ considerably. All changes (except in GCUBI-4) are silent substitutions, which do not affect the protein structure. However, there is one major difference between the repeats: Codons from both codon families (TCN and AGPy) are simultaneously used for the serine at position 65. Using this characteristic the repeats were divided into two groups: Group I: GCUBI-1,3 (TCT codon) and GCUBI-5 (TCC); Group II: GCUBI-2,4,6 (AGC codon). Mutational analysis suggests that the sponge polyubiquitin gene evolved from an ancestral monoubiquitin gene by gene duplication and successive tandem duplications. The ancestral monoubiquitin gene most probably coded for threonine (ACC) at position 65. The first event, duplication of the monoubiquitin gene, happened some 110 million years ago. Since sponges from the genus Geodia are known from the Cretaceous (145 million) to recent time, it is very likely that all events in the evolution of polyubiquitin gene occurred in the same genus. Alignment data of the “consensus” ubiquitin nt sequences of different animals (man to protozoa) reflect very well the established phylogenetic relationships of the chosen organisms and show that the sponge ubiquitin gene branched off first from the multicellular organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 27 (1997), S. 389-398 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Im Litoral der Ozeane und Meere, in den Korallenbänken und Schelfregionen, aber auch in Süßwasserseen und Flüssen findet man sie; die sessil lebenden und sich als aktive Strudler ernährenden Schwämme (Porifera). Sie sind die ältesten vielzelligen Organismen des Tierreichs und haben sich bereits im frühen Kambrium, also vor über 600 Millionen Jahren, entwickelt. Schwämme zeichnen sich durch eine große Vielfalt an Formen aus: Sie können relativ einfach aufgebaut sein, zum Beispiel schlauchförmig wie der Kalkschwamm Sycon raphanus (Abbildung 1a),Kugelförmig wie der Badeschwamm Spongia officinalis (Abbildung 1b),Einen zottenartigen Habitus zeigen wie Verongia aerophoba (Abbildung 1c),Einem menschlichen Gehirn ähneln wie der Kieselschwamm Geodia cydonium (Abbildung 1d)Oder bizarre Formen annehmen wie der Glasschwamm Aphrocallistes vastus, dessen filigranes Skelett im Titelbild gezeigt ist.Im Inneren enthalten die Schwämme ein ausgedehntes System von Kanälen und Kammern, die mit der Körperoberfläche durch Poren in Verbindung stehen. Durch dieses System strömt ständig Wasser, angetrieben durch die Schläge der Flagellen zahlreicher Kragengeißelzellen, welche die Wände der Kammern auskleiden. Schwämme kommen deshalb auch mit ihrem gesamten inneren Gewebe ständig mit dem sie umgebenden Milieu in Kontakt. Sie profitieren also einerseits von dem Vorteil, Nährstoffe direkt durch ihre Zellen aufnehmen zu können, andererseits leiden sie unter dem Nachteil, daß auch schädliche Substanzen direkt auf ihre Zellen einwirken können.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It seems well established that translocation of at least some mRNAs through the nuclear pore is (1) an energy-dependent process, and (2) dependent on the presence of the poly(A) segment attached to most mRNA species. We describe that RNA helicase (RNA duplex unwindase) activity is present in a nuclear envelope (NE) preparation, which also appears to be involved in nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport. This activity unwinds RNA : RNA hybrids. The helicase has a pH optimum of 7.5 and a temperature optimum of 30°C. Applying the sealed NE vesicle system, it was shown that duplex RNA species are readily released from the vesicles in an unidirectional manner, in contrast to single-stranded RNA, which is much slower transported into the extravesicular space. Attachment of a poly(A) segment to the RNA duplex additionally increases the efflux rate of this RNA. Efflux of duplex RNA but not efflux of single-stranded RNA was strongly inhibited by formycin B 5′-triphosphate. Our results suggest that, besides poly(A), duplex structures, if present in a given RNA, modulate and control the export of RNA.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Biochemistry and Function 11 (1993), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0263-6484
    Keywords: Prion protein ; prion gene expression ; scrapie ; N2a cells ; mouse neuroblastoma cells ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The scrapie prion protein, PrPSc, is formed from its isoform, the cellular PrPc. There is evidence available indicating that PrPSc is necessary component of the infectious prion particle to cause a series of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. We have used immunocytochemistry and RNA blotting techniques to investigate if infection with prions results in an increased PrP gene expression. For the experiments we used N2a cells which had been infected with prions (ScN2a cells). We demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy that PrP-protein was present in the nucleus (predominantly in the nucleoli) of ScN2a cells. Analysis of the PrP-mRNA levels both in N2a- and in ScN2a cells using cDNA encoding PrPc revealed no marked alteration of the mRNA steady state level between the two cell strains. Likewise, in run-off experiments no changes in either PrP-specific transcription or in general transcriptional activity were found. The half-life of PrP-mRNA was found to be identical in both cell strains (7 h). Taken together, these results show that PrPSc and /or PrPc is present in the nucleus (nucleoli) of ScN2a cells but does not display and effect on the expression of the PrP gene.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0263-6484
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The antileukemic and anti-HTLV-III (anti-HIV) agent avarol, a sesquiterpenoid hydroquinone, was determined to be converted into its corresponding quinone derivative avarone via the semiquinone free radical. Its g-value was 2·0047; after hyperfine splitting the energy levels revealed 16 isotropic Hfs. The redox reaction products were identified at the pH values 4·0, 7·0 and 12·0 and the overall reaction pathways were formulated. In vivo experiments with L5178y mouse lymphoma cells in the ascites of mice revealed that the cytostatic potencies of avarol and avarone cannot be augmented by lowering the pH value. Incubation studies with L5178y cells in vitro showed that the intracellular levels of superoxide dismutases (SODases) and of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activities significantly change after avarol administration. While both the Mn-SODase and the Cu/Zn-SODase activities dropped significantly, the GSH peroxidase activity increased inversely. From these experiments we assume that the anti-tumour and the antiviral effects of avarol/avarone may be due to an increase, induced by the drug, of the intracellular concentrations of superoxide radicals.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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