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  • 1
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Konformation von Tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanen und Tetra- und Pentaaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanen in Lösung. Eine NMR-StudieDie 1H-NMR-Spektren einer Reihe von Tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanen 5-12 wurden mit Hilfe der Kern-Overhauser-Differenz-Spektroskopie zugeordnet. Aufgrund der NOE-Effekte und Spin-Gitter-Relaxationszeiten ließ sich zeigen, daß diese Moleküle die Sessel-Boot-Konformation einnehmen, wobei alle Arylgruppen äquatorial stehen. Diese Konformation und die Torsionswinkel der Arylgruppen ähneln denen, die im festen Zustand gefunden wurden. Analoge Untersuchungen wurden mit den Tetra- und Pentaaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanen 3, 4, 13 und 14 durchgeführt. Die beiden 1,3-diaxial orientierten Arylgruppen zeigen in diesen Systemen eine überraschend niedrige Rotationsbarriere (4b: δG298≠ = 42 kJ. mol-1). Die chemischen Verschiebungen in den 13C-NMR-Spektren aller Verbindungen werden mitgeteilt. Die der 3,7-Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane 5-12 stehen im Einklang mit der vorgeschlagenen Sessel-Boot-Konformation. Das gleiche gilt für die chemischen Verschiebungen in den 15N-NMR-Spektren und die 13C-15N-Kopplungskonstanten. Die Reduktion des 4,8,9,10-Tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-diaza-6-adamantanons (4b) führt stereoselektiv zum Alkohol 15, der sich säurekatalysiert leicht in 16 umlagert, den ersten Vertreter des 9-Oxa-1,5-diazatricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undecan-Ringsystems.
    Notes: The proton NMR spectra of a series of tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes, 5-12, have been assigned with the aid of nuclear Overhauser difference spectroscopy. The NOE's together with spin lattice relaxation times have been used to show that these molecules adopt the chair-boat conformation with all aryl groups being equatorial. This conformation and the torsional angles of the aryl groups are similar to those found in the solid state. Analogous studies have been carried out with tetra- and pentaaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanes, 3, 4, 13, and 14. A surprisingly low barrier of rotation (4b: δG298≠ = 42 kJ. mol-1) has been found for the two 1,3-diaxially oriented aryl groups in these systems. Carbon-13 chemical shift data are reported for the above compounds. Those of the 3,7-diazabicyclononanes 5-12 are found to be consistent with the proposed chair-boat conformation. Nitrogen-15 chemical shift data and 13C-15N coupling constants are also in accord with this conformation. A stereoselective reduction of 4,8,9,10-tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-diaza-6-adamantanone (4b) to the corresponding alcohol 15 and the ready acidcatalyzed rearrangement of this alcohol to 16, the first example of the 9-oxa-1,5-diazatricyclo-[5.3.1.03,8]undecane ring system, is described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Structure, and Cope Rearrangement of Some 3,7-Dicyano-1,5-dimethylsemibullvalenesAddition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to the bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-dione 8 followed by the reaction of the diastereomeric O-silylated biscyanohydrins 12 with phosphoryl chloride in boiling pyridine yields a 2:1 mixture of the regioisomeric unsaturated dinitriles C2-13 and Cs-13. These are converted by an excess of N-bromosuccinimide to the tribromo- (14a) and the isomeric tetrabromodinitriles 14b and 15a which are separated by crystallization and by selective reaction of 15a with diethyl phosphite/triethylamine. The structure of the predominant, unsymmetrical tetrabromodinitrile 15a is determined by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Zinc/copper reagent in boiling ether smoothly debrominates the tetrabromodinitriles 14b and 15a affording the 2,6- (2b) and 2,4-dibromo-3,7-dicyanosemibullvalene 2a, respectively. However, extended heating of 15a in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of zinc/copper reagent produces the bromo-3,7-dicyanoscmibullvalene 1c⇌1c′ Bromine/lithium exchange of the latter by tert-butyllithium at -100°C and quenching of the lithio-3,7-dicyanoscmibullvalene 1d with methanol, methan-[D]ol, and cyanogen yield the semibullvalenes 1a, 1b⇌1b′, and 1e⇌1e′, respectively. The rates of the degenerate Cope rearrangement of the dibromo-3,7-dicyanosemibullvalenes 2a and b are calculated from the exchange broadening of carbon-13 NMR signals in the temperature range 200-290 K. For 200 K one obtains k = 260 s-1, ΔG≠ = 39.1⇌1.5 kJ·mol-1 (2a) and k = 1160 s-1, ΔG≠ = 36.6±0.6 kJ·mol-1 (2b). Thus, the strong deceleration of the degenerate Cope rearrangement relative to that of the 3,7-dicyanosemibullvalene 1a (k = 1.53·106 s-1, ΔG≠ = 24.6±0.3 kJ·mol-1 at 200 K) depends only little on the position of the bromine atoms. For the valence tautomeric equilibria of the 3,7-dicyanosemibullvalenes 1b⇌1b′ (K = 1.112±0.001 at 298 K), 1c⇌1c′ (0.065±0.02 at 300 K), 1e⇌1e′ (0.29±0.02 at 300 K), and the known bromosemibullvalenes 18b⇌18b′ (0.2±0.02 at 300 K) the constants K are determined using relative temperature gradients of carbon-13 shifts or Saunders' isotopic pertubation method. The atomic distances as revealed by X-ray diffraction analyses of the bromo-3,7-dicyanosemibullvalenes 1c and 2a demonstrate that both do not undergo a Cope rearrangement in the crystal. On the contrary, a statistical orientational disorder in the crystal is observed for 2b which is indicative of a degenerate Cope rearrangement in the solid state.
    Notes: Addition von Trimethylsilylcyanid an das Bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3,7-dion 8 und nachfolgende Umsetzung der diastereomeren O-silylierten Biscyanhydrine 12 mit Trichlorphosphanoxid in siedendem Pyridin ergibt ein 2:1-Gemisch der regiosiomeren ungesättigten Dinitrile C2-13 und Cs-13. Diese werden mit überschüssigem N-Bromsuccinimid in die Tribrom- (14a) und isomeren Tetrabromdinitrile 14b und 15a übergeführt, die durch Kristallisation und selektive Reaktion von 15a mit Diethylphosphit/Triethylamin getrennt werden. Die Struktur des überwiegenden, unsymmetrischen Tetrabromdinitrils 15a wird durch eine Röntgenstrukturbestimmung aufgeklärt. Zink/Kupfer in siedendem Ether debromiert die Tetrabromdinitrile 14b und 15a glatt zu dem 2,6- (2b) bzw. 2,4-Dibrom-3,7-dicyansemibullvalen 2a. Längeres Erhitzen von 15a mit Zink/Kupfer in Tetrahydrofuran führt dagegen zum Brom-3,7-dicyansemibullvalen 1c⇌1c′. Brom/Lithium-Austausch an 1c⇌1c′ mit tert-Butyllithium bei -100°C und Umsetzung des Lithio-3,7-dicyansemibullvalens 1d mit Methanol, Methan-[D]ol und Dicyan ergeben die Semibullvalene 1a, 1b⇌1b′ bzw. 1e⇌1e′. Die Geschwindigkeit der entarteten Cope-Umlagerung der Dibrom-3,7-dicyansemibullvalene 2a und b wird aus der Austauschverbreiterung von 13C-NMR-Signalen im Bereich von 200-290 K bestimmt. Bei 200 K gilt für 2a k = 260 s-1, ΔG≠ = 39.1±1.5 kJ·mol-1, für 2b k = 1160 s-1, ΔG≠ = 36.6±0.6 kJ·mol-1. Die starke Verzögerung der entarteten Cope-Umlagerung im Vergleich zu der des 3,7-Dicyansemibullvalens 1a (k = 1.53·106 s-1, ΔG≠ = 24.6±0.3 kJ·mol-1 bei 200 K) hängt somit nur wenig von der Stellung der Bromatome ab. Die Konstanten K der Valenztautomerie-Gleichgewichte der 3,7-Dicyansemibullvalene 1b⇌1b′ (K = 1.112±0.001 bei 298 K), 1c⇌1c′ (0.065±0.02 bei 300 K), 1e⇌1e′ (0.29±0.02 bei 300 K) und der bekannten Bromsemibullvalene 18⇌18′ (0.2±0.02 bei 300 K) werden aus relativen Temperaturgradienten 13C-chemischer Verschiebungen bzw. mit Hilfe von Saunders' Isotopenstörungs-Methode erhalten. Die durch Röntgenstrukturbestimmung ermittelten Atomabstände der Brom-3,7-dicyansemibullvalene 1c und 2a zeigen, daß bei beiden im Kristall keine Cope-Umlagerung stattfindet. Dagegen beobachtet man eine statistische Orientierungsfehlordnung im Kristall des 2,6-Dibrom-3,7-dicyansemibullvalens 2b, die auf eine entartete Cope-Umlagerung im festen Zustand hinweist.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1801-1806 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 3,7-Dicyano-2,6-dimethoxy-1,5-dimethylsemibullvaleneMichael reaction of dimethyl methylmalonate and acrylonitrile affords a 92% yield of the diesternitrile 4a, which is quantitatively hydrolysed to give the monoacid 4b. When subjected to Kolbe electrolysis, 4b produced a 1:1 mixture (21% yield) of the diastereomeric bis(esternitriles) meso- and rac-5. In the Dieckmann condensation of this mixture with potassium tert-butoxide, meso-5 furnishes 54% of the monocyclic α-cyanoketone 6a while rac-5 affords 68% of the bicyclic bis(β-cyanoenol) 7c. The products of the condensation exist predominantly in these tautomeric forms (6a and 7c, respectively) and are separated on the basis of their different acidity. Diazomethane methylates 7c to provide the bis(β-cyanoenolether) 10 (79% yield), which is brominated by N-bromosuccinimide to yield the bis(bromo-β-cyanoenolether) 11 (51% yield). Zinc/copper reagent debrominates 11 to afford the title compound 1d (49% yield). The rate constants of the degenerate Cope rearrangement of 1d in the temperature range of 209-293 K are calculated from the exchange broadening of the signals of 4-H, 8-H and the methoxy protons. The rate constant at 200 K is k = 57 s-1 and the free enthalpy of activation ΔG≠ = 41.6 ± 0.4 kJmol-1. Thus, the methoxy groups decelerate the Cope rearrangement by a factor of 3 · 104 corresponding to an increase of the activation barrier by 17 kJmol-1 relative to that of the 3,7-dicyanosemibullvalene 1a.
    Notes: Michael-Addition von Methylmalonsäure-dimethylester an Acrylnitril führt mit 92% Ausbeute zum Diesternitril 4a, das quantitativ zur Monosäure 4b hydrolysiert wird. Deren Kolbe-Elektrolyse ergibt mit 21% Ausbeute ein (1:1)-Gemisch der Diastereomeren Bis(esternitrile) meso- und rac-5. Bei der Dieckmann-Kondensation dieses Gemischs mit Kalium-tert-butylat erhält man aus meso-5 mit 54% Ausbeute das monocyclische α-Cyanketon 6a, aus rac-5 mit 68% Ausbeute das bicyclische Bis(β-cyanenol) 7c. Die Kondensationsprodukte liegen hauptsächlich in diesen tautomeren Formen (6a bzw. 7c) vor und werden aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen Acidität getrennt. Diazomethan methyliert 7c zum Bis(β-cyanenolether) 10, der durch N-Bromsuccinimid zum Bis(brom-β-cyanenolether) 11 bromiert wird. Mit Zink/Kupfer entsteht daraus die Titelverbindung 1d. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der entarteten Cope-Umlagerung von 1d werden im Bereich 209-293 K aus der Austauschverbreiterung der Signale von 4-H, 8-H und der Methoxyprotonen errechnet. Bei 200 K ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante k = 57 s-1 und die Freie Aktivierungsenthalpie ΔG≠ = 41.6 ± 0.4 kJmol-1. Die Methoxygruppen verzögern somit die Cope-Umlagerung um den Faktor 3 · 104, was einer Erhöhung der Aktivierungsbarriere (relativ zu der des 3,7-Dicyansemibullvalens 1a) um 17 kJmol-1 entspricht.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 8 (1987), S. 25-28 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Protein molecular weight standards labeled with different fluorochromes were tested for their usefulness in following the protein transfer from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose and for electro-elution of proteins from polyacrylamide gels. Dichlorotriazynylaminofluorescein labeled proteins appear to be useful for both purposes as they are stable, their detection sensitivity was high (about 10 ng of protein on nitrocellulose) and the coupling of the fluorochrome did not appreciably change the molecular weight of any protein examined. On the other hand, proteins labeled with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate, or its heterocyclic derivative, were of limited usefulness as standards. Labeled proteins of molecular weight below 20 kDa formed diffuse bands on gels. Therefore, these particular fluorescent protein standards appear to be useful in following the elution from gels, or as references on nitrocellulose, only for proteins larger than 20-25 kDa.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 14 (1993), S. 492-501 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electrophoretic mobility of single-stranded DNA in denaturing polyacrylamide gel-filled capillaries is analyzed as a function of the applied electric field. The resultant mobility plots are complex functions of the fragment size and electric field. Traditionally, these plots are separated into three mobility regimes corresponding to Ogston sieving, reptation without stretching and reptation with stretching theories. However, none of these theories accurately models the variations in mobility that we observe with electric field strength. As a result, we propose a modification of the Ogston sieving theory which accounts for the stretching of migrating DNA molecules in the direction of the electric field. This theory assumes that the applied electric field in conjunction with the gel matrix distorts the DNA, altering the effective size of the migrating molecule. The stretched DNA offers a smaller cross-section to the gel pore and thus sieves as though it were a smaller molecule. In this modified Ogston theory, the electrophoretic mobility depends only on the applied electric field, the size of the fragment, and constants which are independent of size and field strength. The modified Ogston equation accurately predicts the mobilities of DNA fragments in all three mobility regimes9 providing a single, simple model to account for all of the observed behavior.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 15 (1994), S. 1084-1090 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The utility of pulsed field electrophoresis for DNA sequencing is investigated. Previous studies have indicated a beneficial retardation of sequencing fragments when pulsed fields are employed. The interpretation of these results is complicated, however, by concomitant variations in electric field strength and/or temperature. Methods are presented here permitting discrimination of such mobility effects due to pulsing, field strength, and temperature. It is demonstrated that under the conditions employed here, observed mobility effects are due to electric field variations rather than pulsing. These conditions thus correspond to the low frequency/small molecule limit. The effect of temperature is estimated from the steady state solution to the heat conduction equation under appropriate boundary conditions. No temperature effect upon mobility is operative in the thin gel system employed, due to the high efficiency of heat transfer. However, it is shown that in conventional gel systems large temperature-related mobility effects can occur. These methods for dissecting and understanding mobility effects in pulsed field electrophoresis are expected to be of general utility.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: DNA sequencing ; Matrix ; Algorithm ; Multicomponent analysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The four dye fluorescence detection strategy is a widely used approach to automated DNA sequence analysis. An important aspect of data processing in this approach is the multicomponent analysis to deduce the concentrations of four fluorophores from fluorescence emission intensities at four different wave-lengths. This requires knowledge of the correct transformation matrix M. The matrix M is a function both of the fluorophores employed and the fluorescence detection system. M is typically determined either by a calibration process with individual dyes, or by choosing four well-separated individual peaks corresponding to the four different dyes. Both are time-consuming and complicated procedures for routine use. An automatic scheme for finding M directly from raw sequence data is presented here. This facilitates data analysis and the underlying algorithm may also find utility in other multispectral applications.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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