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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (6)
  • Pigment cells  (3)
  • secretion  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromatophores and color change in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 282-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment cells ; Melanophore stimulating hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The skin of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, changes rapidly from bright green to a dark brown color in response to melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH). Chromatophores responsible for color changes of the skin are xanthophores which lie just beneath the basal lamina containing pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles. Iridophores lying immediately below the xanthophores contain regularly arranged rows of reflecting platelets. Melanophores containing melanosomes are present immediately below the iridophores. The ultrastructural features of these chromatophores and their pigmentary organelles are described. The color of Anolis skin is determined by the position of the melanosomes within the melanophores which is regulated by MSH and other hormones such as norepinephrine. Skins are green when melanosomes are located in a perinuclear position within melanophores. In response to MSH, they migrate into the terminal processes of the melanophores which overlie the xanthophores above, thus effectively preventing light penetration to the iridophores below, resulting in skins becoming brown. The structural and functional characteristics of Anolis chromatophores are compared to the dermal chromatophore unit of the frog.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309737
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actin-dependent carotenoid droplet dispersion in permeabilized cultured goldfish xanthophores (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 15 (1990), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: organelle translocation ; cytosolic factor ; secretion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Organelle translocations are essential cellular processes. Although much progress has been made with regards to microtubule-dependent organelle translocations, little is known about actin-dependent organelle translocation(s) except cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella. On the other hand, there is indirect evidence that actindependent organelle translocation may be involved in secretion. We now present evidence that the dispersion of the pigment organelles carotenoid droplets in goldfish xanthophores is apparently actin dependent and that this process may be related to secretory processes. We show that, in digitonin-permeabilized goldfish xanthophores, the pigment organelles can be induced to disperse by a combination of cAMP, ATP, and xanthophore cytosol. This induced dispersion is inhibited by DNase I, phalloidin, or anti-actin, but not by anti-tubulin or anti-intermediate filament proteins, suggesting a dependence on F-actin. Since the dispersion of carotenoid droplets and secretion both involve outward translocation of organelles, we tested the possibility that cytosols of secretory tissues have similar activity. Such activity was indeed found in different tissues, apparently in parallel with the secretory activity of the tissues, suggesting that pigment dispersion in xanthophores and some secretory processes may share a common component.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970150302
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alkaline phosphatase-somatostatin hybrid proteins as probes for somatostatin-14 receptors (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 14 (1992), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein engineering ; cassette mutagenesis ; peptide hormone ; molecular modeling ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: By inserting appropriate peptide ligands into surface loops on globular proteins, we expect to develop probes for the location, accessibility, and steric and electrostatic environment of these ligand-binding sites on their membrane-bound receptors. Three residues in a loop on the surface of E. coli alkaline phosphatase were substituted by an 18-residue peptide containing the receptor-binding segment of somatostatin-14 without significantly affecting the catalytic properties of the enzyme. This hybrid protein was then used to investigate the ligand-binding site of somatostatin receptors. Tryptic cleavage of the hybrid protein within the inserted sequence, and binding of the hybrid protein to antisomatostatin antibodies demonstrated the surface accessibility of the guest peptide. Both the wild-type enzyme and the hormone-enzyme hybrid displaced 125I-labeled somatostatin from rat brain membrane receptors only at high concentrations. How-ever, chemical cationization of the hybrid protein, which again did not disturb the phosphatase activity, enhanced its receptor-binding potency to a level only 23 times lower than that of somatostatin itself and 280 times higher than that of the cationized wild-type protein. This alkaline phosphatase/somatostatin hybrid protein appears, therefore, to be a suitable starting point for the development of probes for the steric and electrostatic environment of the ligand-binding site of somatostatin receptors. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340140103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification of anterogin, a protein factor necessary for the dispersion of carotenoid droplets in permeabilized xanthophores of goldfish (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 485-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: pigment organelle dispersion ; secretion ; liver ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We reported previously that the dispersion of carotenoid droplets in permeabilized xanthophores requires cAMP, ATP, and a cytosolic factor present in several secretory tissues as well as in xanthophores. We have now purified this factor from beef liver to apparent/near homogeneity. It appears to be a heterodimer with Mr ∼125,000. The purified factor has little or no ATPase activity, with or without the presence of actin. Nor does it stimulate the ATPase activity of carotenoid droplets. Its exact function in carotenoid droplet dispersion is thus unclear. Since dispersion of carotenoid droplets is an anterograde translocation, we propose the name anterogin for this protein. We also report that yeast cytosol has anterogin activity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140406
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hormone-induced filopodium formation and movement of pigment, carotenoid droplets, into newly formed filopodia (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 371-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Filopodia ; Microfilaments ; Cellular processes ; Xanthophores ; Pigment cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Treatment of cultured goldfish xanthophores by hormone (ACTH) or c-AMP induces not only pigment dispersion, but subsequent outgrowth of processes, and pigment translocation into these processes. These latter effects are shown to proceed as follows: First the edge of the cytoplasmic lamellae takes on a scalloped contour with numerous protrusions. These presumably serve as nucleation centers where short microfilament bundles are assembled, Later, the microfilament bundles elongate (“grow”), often resulting in an extension of the protrusions to become filopodia while the proximal end of the microfilaments penetrates into the thicker portion of the cellular process which now houses the pigment, i.e., the carotenoid droplets. Carotenoid droplets appear to migrate along the microfilament bundles, or cytoplasmic channels associated with them, into the filopodia. Finally, some of the filopodia become broader, thicker and laden with carotenoid droplets and are then recognized by light microscopy as pigmented cellular processes. The microfilaments have been shown to be actin filaments by their thickness, the size of their subunits, and decoration by heavy meromyosin. Evidence is presented which suggests that the growth of these actin filaments may come about by recruitment from short F-actin strands found in random orientation in adjacent areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220195
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural demonstration of hormone-induced movement of carotenoid droplets and endoplasmic reticulum in xanthophores of the goldfish, Carassius auratus L. (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 409-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Actin filaments ; Xanthophores ; Pigment cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hormone-induced pigment dispersion in primary cultures of xanthophores of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) has been shown to involve the dispersion of not only carotenoid droplets but also of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The dispersion of these organelles is inhibited by cytochalasin B and is accompanied by thinning of the cell body, thickening of the processes, and also overall changes in cellular morphology (process extension) under certain conditions. Electron microscopic examination of heavy meromyosin treated glycerinated xanthophores in scales revealed the presence of actin filaments in these cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219555
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of principal components analysis for mutation detection with two-dimensional electrophoresis protein separations (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 13 (1992), S. 162-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) to mutation detection requires the capability to monitor each protein in a 2-DE pattern for significant changes in abundance indicative of a mutation event. Previously, mutation searches were done using a univariate outlier detection method in which each protein spot was considered independently in a classical outlier search. An alternative approach to analysis of 2-DE patterns for quantitative changes is a multivariate procedure which takes advantage of the observation that protein spots in a 2-DE pattern often represent correlated rather than independent measurements. We have compared the efficiency of univariate and multivariate procedures for mutation detection using data from the Argonne National Laboratory 2-DE database of mouse liver proteins. Analyses involving a total of over 1500 gels were performed to compare the performance of a multivariate method based on principal components analysis (PCA) with the univariate method. Up to 279 spots from each pattern were used for PCA. First, a simulation was performed to assess the detection efficiency of PCA for single protein spots decreased in abundance by 50%. Then, the ability to detect actual mutations was tested using eight confirmed mutations. Results show that, compared to a univariate approach to analysis of data from the mouse model system, the multivariate method increases the number of protein spots on each 2-DE pattern that can be monitored for quantitative changes indicative of mutations by compensating for variables that contribute to the background quantitative variability of protein spots.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150130133
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical measures of two-dimensional gel resolution and positional reproducibility (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 4 (1983), S. 338-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Procedures to measure two important properties of two-dimensional electrophoresis systems have been developed. These procedures evaluate the overall resolution and positional reproducibility of two-dimensional gel patterns. Using these measures we show that various state of the art gel systems can produce patterns exhibiting resolution measures of 15 000-50 000 (yielding practical upper bounds of about 2000-6000 detectable proteins in typical cellular samples) and that positional accuracy for most spots in gel-to-gel comparisons is better than a spot width (0.5-2.0 mm). Implemented as part of a computerized image analysis system for two-dimensional gel data, these two measures can be used in the selection and optimization of gel systems, and in the selection of sets of well-resolved, well-matched spots for genetic and other quantitative sudies.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150040506
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitation of human leukocyte proteins after silver staining: A study with two-dimensional electrophoresis (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 12 (1991), S. 536-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The quantitative attributes of human leukocyte proteins detected by silver staining two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels were studied by using computerassisted data analysis. Experiments included (a) analysis of replicate patterns of the same sample, (b) analysis of different dilutions of the same sample, and (c) analysis of samples from different individuals. Over 200 proteins were observed to have coefficients of variation (CV) less than or equal to 15 % when data from replicate patterns were analyzed. In contrast, 8 proteins had CV values of less than or equal to 15 % when data from different samples were analyzed. The dilution experiment showed that a majority of the proteins detected with some consistency (i.e., observed in at least 80 % of the patterns) have a linear relationship between the amount of protein loaded onto a 2-DE gel and the spot volume in the final 2-DE pattern. The slope of the curves and the deviation from linearity were found to be quite protein-specific. These results indicate that optimization of sample purity and minimization of staining protocol variables are required to limit the background quantitative variability between and within 2-DE runs to a level that will allow detection of quantitative changes indicative of biological responses.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150120713
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mouse liver protein database: A catalog of proteins detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 13 (1992), S. 970-991 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alterations in the abundance or structure of mouse liver proteins are being studied using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to build a database of protein changes correlating with exposure to ionizing radiation or toxic chemicals. Thus far, studies have included the analysis of proteins from the offspring of exposed parents or from the exposed individuals themselves. In order to characterize and identify proteins found altered by such exposures, sex- and strain-related differences in protein patterns have been analyzed, and the subcellular locations of a large portion of the mapped proteins have been determined. As part of these studies, data are collected and stored using a variety of computer hardware and software tools that allow the accumulation of information on the origin of samples, gel identification, experiment description, and protein similarities and differences. This accumulation of information constitutes the mouse liver protein database. Relational database software is used to tie the different facets of the data-base together so that the results of a variety of experiments can be compared and interrelated. The database optimizes the information obtained from 2-DE gel sets by allowing use of the data for many purposes, including monitoring of gel resolution to ensure the collection of high quality data and correlation of protein effects induced by different agents. This first edition of the Argonne National Laboratory mouse liver protein database lays the foundation for future work and communication that should elucidate the significance of observed protein effects as possible markers of exposure to toxic agents.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501301200
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