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  • Biogeochemistry  (2)
  • Environmental psychology  (2)
  • acid deposition  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The commons dilemma (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental management 2 (1978), S. 491-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental psychology ; Behavior ; Games theory ; Reinforcement ; Competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Whenever a short-term or local need in the exploitation of a scarce natural resource must be pitted against its long-term use or the needs of the larger community, the commons dilemma arises. The study of commons dilemmas originated in agricultural economies but has importance in all resource management areas. Psychologists have recently found it to be a useful paradigm in the study of decision-making behavior. This paper reviews the commons dilemma as it has been used in three areas of psychological research: games theory, animal and human territorial behavior, and behavior reinforcement. In the first area, results show how communication within groups operates in cooperation/competition situations. In the second, the effects of social and political ideologies are examined. In the third, the implications of the commons dilemma with regard to breaking out of “social traps” are discussed. Throughout, the relevance of this basic psychological research to rational resource management is made clear. An extensive bibliography of relevant original research is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866708
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heroism in a resource crisis: A simulation study (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental management 2 (1978), S. 523-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental psychology ; Heroism ; Resource management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the effects of individual responsibility and communication in a simulated resource management problem. Subjects faced the problem of how to harvest resources from a regenerating pool so as to maximize their individual harvests without overexploiting the pool. One behavioral option open to individuals involved the sacrifice of a harvesting opportunity in order to add to the pool, thereby benefiting the rest of the group. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to test the effect of this kind of heroism by (1) including a volunteer leader in the group and (2) including the possibility of communication. Results showed communication produced a significant increase in heroism and in group harvest, resulting from better management of the pool. The presence of a leader in a group had no overall effect on group performance. The implications of these findings for current resource management crises are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866710
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stemflow nutrient inputs to soil in a successional hardwood forest (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid deposition ; hardwood forests ; nutrient leaching ; soil inputs ; stemflow ; succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Stemflow and throughfall from a regenerating (8-year-old) southern Appalachian hardwood forest were collected to examine the relative importance of tree bole nutrient leaching in response to acid deposition. Samples from nine (2 m2) stemflow collection plots were analyzed for four dormant season and 11 growing season rainstorm events. Results showed that, relative to throughfall fluxes, stemflow accounted, on average, for approximately 8.5% of total water reaching the forest floor during both dormant and growing season storms. Relative to foliar leaching, K-, SO4-, and PO4 ions appear to be the most easily leached ions from young tree stems. Proportional nitrate and base cation stemflow fluxes increased significantly (p〈0.05) with growing-season storm-event duration, suggesting that the stemsurface nutrient pool is depleted by precipitation more slowly than the foliar pool. On average, proportional stemflow fluxes of SO4 (12%) and K (14%) were consistently higher than reported maximum values for more mature forest stands, which indicates that small-scale stemflow inputs of ions such as these to the forest floor may be important in early successional ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010601
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controls on leaching from coniferous forest floor microcosms (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 301-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid rain ; Biogeochemistry ; Coniferous ecosystem ; Forest floor ; Forest soils ; Microcosm ; Plant uptake ; Soil leaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted with coniferous forest floor microcosms to examine the potential influence of acid precipitation, temperature changes, and plant uptake upon the chemistry of soil leachate solutions. The experimental design included two temperatures and three different simulated throughfall chemistry treatments. When the acidity of throughfall inputs to the microscosms increased, the forest floors exhibited increased leaching losses of calcium, magensium, potassium, and ammonium. The fact that aluminum losses did not incrase correspondingly suggested that there may be a kinetic lag in the mobilization and leaching of aluminum. When microcosms were exposed to warmer temperatures, percolates showed increased leaching losses of calcium, potassium, ammonium, sulfate, nitrate, and organic anions. Forest floor microcosms exposed to simulated average field conditions behaved very much like field plots under the same environmental conditions; however, there were predictable differences in leaching losses between laboratory and field systems for those ions which are strongly controlled by plant uptake. In general, the exclusion of plant uptake from microcosms resulted in increased leaching of potassium, nitrate, ammonium. and sulfate relative to field plots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205859
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative effects of precipitation acidity on three forest soils: carbon cycling responses (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid deposition ; Acid precipitation ; Biogeochemistry ; Carbon cycling ; Forest soils ; Inceptisol ; Microcosms ; Soil respiration ; Spodosol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This comparative soil microcosm study examined the effects of precipitation acidity on decomposition processes in three contrasting eastern North American forest soils: a Becket series Haplorthod, an Unadilla series Dystrochrept, and an Adams series Haplorthod. Results from all three soils showed that soil respiration is quantitatively unaffected by differences in precipitation acidity over the range of pH 5.7 to 3.5 (annual loading rates of 36 to 5,520 eq H+ · ha−1). Soil respiration did vary as a function of edaphic differences between soils. Data from all three soils also indicated that precipitation acidity (at pH≧3.5 and lime potential ≧1.11) had no consistent quantitative effect upon total dissolved organic carbon leaching. Again, differences in DOC flux were related to inter-soil edaphic variations. Carbon turnover budgets for the three soils indicated that 54–68% of the forest floor carbon loss occurred through respiration, while DOC leaching accounted for the remaining 32–46% of carbon loss. Finally, results from all three soils showed that increased inputs of strong acids to the forest floor caused distinct decreases in the hydrophobic acid (fulvic acid) content of leachate dissolved organic carbon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140669
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forest vegetation in relation to surface water chemistry in the North Branch of the Moose River, Adirondack Park, N.Y. (1987)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 3 (1987), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acid deposition ; forest cover ; forest structure ; biogeochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Regional Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (RILWAS) was conducted to identify and to quantify the environmental factors controlling surface water chemistry in forested watersheds of the Adirondack region of New York. The RILWAS vegetation research was designed to: (1) compare the quantitative patterns of forest cover and tree community structure in the study catchments of the Moose River drainage system; and (2) identify important vegetation differences among study watersheds that might help to explain inter-watershed differences in water chemistry and aquatic responses to acidic deposition. Field transect data indicated that the overall drainage system includes 50% mixed forest cover, 38% hardwood forest, 10% coniferous forest, and 2% wetland cover. Major tree species include yellow birch, red spruce, American beech, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and red maple. Analysis of forest structure indicated that mean weighted basal area estimates ranged two-fold from 24–48 m2ha−1 among watersheds. Likewise, mean weighted estimates for aboveground biomass and aboveground annual productivity ranged among watersheds from 160 to 320 MT ha−1 and from 8 to 18 MT ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Results showed that differences in surface water chemistry were independent of vegetation differences among watersheds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185188
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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