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  • internal oxidation  (3)
  • alloy oxidation  (2)
  • Butyltin  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compositional changes in the underlying alloy produced by the oxidation of Ni-Cr alloys (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 439-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: alloy oxidation ; Ni-Cr alloys ; diffusion ; depletion zones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Compositional changes in the alloy beneath scales have been examined for the oxidation of Ni-27.4%Cr and Ni-40.2% Cr in 1 atm oxygen in the temperature range 1073–1473°K. Calculations of the rate of approach of the interfacial alloy composition to a constant value are compared with experimental data. Theoretical chromium depletion profiles obtained using both a finite difference analysis and an analytical expression are shown to be essentially equivalent and in good agreement with experimental measurements. The consequences of alloy depletion for the scaling behavior, when the protective scale is ruptured, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612089
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of nickel-manganese alloys in the temperature range 873–1273 K (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 295-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Nickel-manganese alloys ; oxidation ; solid solution scales ; internal oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ni-Mn alloys containing up to 38% Mn have been oxidized in pure oxygen between 873 and 1273 K and the parabolic rate constants measured. The scale morphologies and oxide compositions are interpreted in terms of modifications to the scale on pure Mn caused by the presence of Ni. The scales are composed predominantly of two layers at all temperatures, giving the sequences of phases alloy/cubic monoxide (Ni, Mn)O/ternary spinel, with the cubic (Ni, Mn)O layer always having the greater thickness. There is limited evidence for a third, very thin, outer layer in the scales on all alloys at 873 K and for Ni-38%Mn at 1073 K, which is tentatively considered to be Mn2O3, giving layers in the order alloy/cubic monoxide/ternary spinel/Mn2O3, by analogy with the scale formed on pure Mn. The distribution of the alloy components in the scale is discussed in relation to the Ni-Mn-O phase diagram and in terms of recent theoretical treatments of solid solution scale formation on binary alloys, as far as the available diffusion data allow. The occurrence of internal and intergranular oxidation and the formation of a Mn-depleted zone coincident with the band of uniform internal oxide are considered briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656573
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of prior internal oxidation on the oxidation of dilute Co-Cr alloys in oxygen (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 77-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt-chromium ; oxidation ; internal oxidation ; annealing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of an initial preinternal oxidation treatment in Co/CoO on the subsequent oxidation behavior of a series of dilute Co-Cr alloys (containing 0–1.5 wt. % Cr) in 105 and 103 Pa oxygen at 1473–1623 Khas been investigated. Particular emphasis has been placed on determining the solubility and mobility of Cr3+ ions in CoO. Use has been made of subsequent annealing in argon $$(p_{O_2 } - 10^{ - 1} {\text{ }}Pa)$$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095808
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alloy depletion profiles resulting from the preferential removal of the less noble metal during alloy oxidation (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 413-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: alloy oxidation ; diffusion ; alloy depletion profiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The assumptions involved in Wagner's original treatment of alloy depletion profiles are examined and found to be acceptable for many situations. Finite difference analyses do not result in profiles which are significantly different from those obtained by the much simpler analytical solution once steady-state parabolic growth is established. Consequently an analytical solution is preferred and its combination with the classical Wagner expression for scale growth leads to a unified description of alloy oxidation when only the least noble metal is oxidized. The description is tested for an Fe-27.4wt.% Cr alloy oxidized at 1273°K and agreement between theoretical and experimental results is satisfactory. Alternative treatments of alloy oxidation which require that there be no recession of the alloy-scale interface are discussed and it is concluded that this assumption is unnecessarily restrictive in many cases. Suggestions that the oxidation of austenitic steels is controlled by diffusion in the alloy and that an interfacial transfer step is of importance in determining the oxidation rate in some cases are shown to be based on invalid assumptions. An analytical solution to the diffusion equation is developed for the case when a phase change occurs in the alloy because of less noble metal depletion and an expression is also presented for the profile developed in the limiting case where depletion is determined by scale evaporation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612088
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of preferential intergranular oxides in nickel-aluminum alloys at high temperatures (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 93-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Intergranular oxidation ; nickel-aluminum alloys ; internal oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The development of intergranular oxides in dilute Ni-Al alloys containing 0.55–4.10% Al in Ni-NiO packs and in 1 atm oxygen at 800–1100°C has been examined. In the Ni-NiO packs, preferential intergranular oxide penetration as well as internal oxidation occurs in every case, except in the higher aluminum-containing alloys at 1100°C. Several different types of intergranular oxide morphology were observed, depending on alloy aluminum concentration and on temperature. The oxides in the more dilute alloys are thin and relatively continuous and are accompanied by preferential penetration of internal oxide particles in the adjacent grains. Thicker intergranular oxides are precipitated in the more concentrated alloys while, in some situations, numerous fine oxide particles are formed well ahead of the main intergranular oxide. The intergranular oxidation is facilitated by high stress development in the specimens due to increases in volume as internal and intergranular oxides are formed. These stresses create microvoids in the grain boundaries immediately ahead of the advancing internal and intergranular oxides, resulting in preferential nucleation and growth of further intergranular oxides. This is the case particularly at the lower temperatures where other stress-relief processes cannot operate. The resulting relatively continuous, incoherent intergranular oxide-metal interface allows a high flux of oxygen to the advancing intergranular oxide front. Preferential intergranular oxidation is much less extensive in the presence of a thickening external NiO scale, due to accommodation of the volume increases on internal oxide formation by vacancies injected into the alloy from the growing cationdeficient scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662032
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Butyltin compounds in severn sound, lake huron, canada (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 8 (1994), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Butyltin ; marinas ; Severn Sound ; Lake Huron ; Canada ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Severn Sound is a heavily used recreational and beating area in the southeast corner of Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, Canada. Because of the concern over the possible release of tributyltin species (TBT) from antifouling paints on boat hulls and marinas, surveys were carried out in 1989 and 1992 to determine the presence of this species and its degradation products dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) in this area. Many fish (pike and young-of-the-year spottail shiners) and sediment samples collected in 1989 contained detectable levels of TBT. A maximum concentration of TBT was recorded in northern pike in the spring to be 240 ng Sn g-1. Maximum levels occurred in marinas during the beginning of the boating season and significantly reduced during the summer and early autumn, although the maximum value of TBT in sediment (392 ng Sn g-1) was observed in the summer of 1989. The seasonal variation of TBT levels was further substantiated in the subsequent 1992 study, in which sediments from three areas in a marina were sampled at monthly intervals from May to October. TBT levels were much higher in May and then generally decreased with time. Mussels (Elliptio complanta) caged in the marina for three months also contained TBT. DBT was frequently detected in the sediments but less frequently in fish and mussels. MBT was generally below detection limits. Plants (macrophytes and cladophora) contained very small amounts of butyltin compounds.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590080412
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