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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: C-peptide ; Diabetes mellitus ; Glucose clamp ; Insulin ; Proinsulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Elevated fasting proinsulin immunoreactive material (PIM) has previously been found in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. It is not known whether this is a genetic trait or whether it is related to the manifestation of type 2 diabetes. Neither is it clear whether the raised fasting insulin immunoreactivity previously observed in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes is due to raised PIM. Furthermore, it has not been investigated whether first-degree relatives have altered PIM responses to different secretagogoues. To study this, PIM, insulin and C-peptide were measured in patients with type 2 diabetes, in their first-degree relatives and in healthy control subjects in the fasting state and in relatives and controls during a hyperglycemic clamp. At the end of the hyperglycemic clamp, 0.5 mg of glucagon was given intravenously to stress the beta cells further. Fasting PIM concentrations were significantly higher in patients with type 2 diabetes (P〈0.05). These patients did not have significantly elevated fasting insulin levels when corrected for PIM. In the relatives, fasting insulin concentrations were elevated but PIM levels were normal suggesting that the increase in fasting insulin concentrations reflected an increase in true insulin. The incremental PIM, insulin and C-peptide responses to glucose and glucagon in the relatives were not different from those in the controls. We conclude that elevated fasting PIM levels in patients with type 2 diabetes seem not to be a genetic trait. First-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes are truly hyperinsulinemic in the fasting state, and they have proportional PIM, insulin and C-peptide responses to glucose and glucagon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. 227-230 
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Wegener-Ganulomatose ; Gangrän ; Wegener-Polyarteriitis-Overlap-Syndrom ; Key words Wegener‘s granulomatosis ; gangrene ; Wegener-polyarteriitis overlap syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Gangrene of digits is a very rare manifestation of Wegener‘s granulomatosis (WG). We report a case of a 29-year-old woman with nonspecific symptoms like fever, weight loss, arthralgia, arthritis and high systemic inflammatory signs. On the grounds of a presumed infection the patient was treated with antibiotics which showed no effect. Within short she complained of pain and paresthesia of the right foot with a rapid lividity. Angiography demonstrated multiples stenoses and multisegmental occlusions of the lower leg arteries. Together with renal and pulmonal symptoms a WG was suspected, the diagnosis being confirmed by kidney biopsy and positive cANCAs. A few months after starting a combined therapy with cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids the patient showed a partial remission with a residual toe gangrene. Comparing the five worldwide reported cases with digital gangrene and our presentation there is a concordance of all in the occurence of an extremely high disease activity together with a glomerulonephritis. The findings of p-ANCAs in our patient and positive Hbs antigen in another case of WG with digital gangrene suggests a relation to panarteriitis nodosa, where gangren is more common.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die periphere Gangrän stellt im Rahmen der Wegener-Granulomatose (WG) eine äußerst seltene Manifestation dar. Wir präsentieren den Fall einer 29jährigen Patientin, die hochakut mit zunächst unspezifischen Beschwerden und Befunden wie Fieber, Gewichtsverlust, Arthralgien bzw. Arthritis und hohen serologischen Entzündungszeichen erkrankte und unter Annahme einer Infektion antibiotisch (ohne Besserung) behandelt wurde. Bald darauf kam es schlagartig zu Schmerzen, Pelzigkeit und livider akraler Verfärbung im re. Vorfuß mit rascher Progredienz. Angiographisch zeigten sich multiple Stenosen und multisegmentale Verschlüsse der Unterschenkelarterien. Gleichzeitiger pulmonaler und renaler Befall führten zur Verdachtsdiagnose einer WG, die nierenbioptisch und bei deutlich positiven c-ANCA bestätigt werden konnte. Die kombinierte Therapie mit Kortikoiden und Cyclophosphamid führte zur Teilremission innerhalb weniger Monate mit Restschädigung einer Zehe. Unserem sowie den weiteren fünf weltweit publizierten Fällen mit dieser Manifestation ist gemeinsam, daß stets eine äußerst hohe Gesamtaktivität der Erkrankung und Nierenbeteiligung vorlag. Der gleichzeitige Nachweis von p-ANCA bei unserer Patientin und des HBs-Antigens in einem weiteren Fall läßt in diesen Fällen an eine Verwandtschaft zur Polyarteriitis nodosa (PAN) denken, wo die Gangrän weniger selten vorkommt. Ob es sich hierbei um das Vorliegen zweier koinzidenter Krankheitsbilder oder um Overlap-Fälle handelt, muß offenbleiben, ein Overlap-Syndrom zwischen WG und PAN ist bisher nicht bekannt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ; glucose ; C-peptide ; insulin ; insulin treatment ; insulin secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventeen insulin dependent diabetics were studied after two to four weeks of insulin treatment in a situation approximating to their normal daily life. Some endogenous insulin secretion, assessed by plasma C-peptide determinations, was present in all. Plasma C-peptide concentration was positively correlated with the blood glucose concentration and increased after breakfast, lunch and dinner (p〈0.01); both peak values and relative increases were lower than those observed in normal subjects (p〈0.01). The highest insulin secretory capacity was found in subjects with the least unstable blood glucose concentration (r=0.57, p 〈0.03), and these patients required the smallest insulin doses (r=0.54, P〈0.04). These findings demonstrate the metabolic importance of a preserved B-cell function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: C-peptide ; exocrine pancreas ; amylase ; bicarbonate ; beta-cell function ; diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Residual beta cell function was studied in 18 juvenile-onset diabetics by measuring serum C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) fasting, and after IV injection of glucagon (1 mg). This was compared with the exocrine pancreatic response to an IV infusion of secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. Outputs of pancreatic bicarbonate, amylase and trypsin were measured. Exocrine secretory pancreatic function was decreased in 14 patients. Fasting and maximal CPR showed that 9 patients had residual insulin secretion. For these ‘CPR-secretors’ there was a strong correlation between CPR and output of bicarbonate (r = 0.87, p 〈 0.005) and amylase (r =0.7, p 〈 0.05), but not with trypsin. These results suggest the existence of an endocrine-exocrine relationship in the pancreas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 diabetes ; B cell function ; C-peptide ; glycaemic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Within 24h of diagnosis, 15 consecutive Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients were allocated at random to one of two treatment groups: group A (n=9, mean age: 28 years, range: 17–35 years) was treated conventionally with one or two daily doses of insulin; group B (n=6, mean age: 27 years, range: 21–37 years) was treated with nine daily injections of fast-acting insulin for ten days and thereafter conventionally as for group A. The mean diurnal blood glucose concentration during the initial ten days of insulin treatment was 11.7±0.5mmol/l (mean±SEM) in group A and 6.4±0.3 mmol/l in group B (p〈0.01). Pancreatic B cell function was evaluated 1, 7, 14, 90, and 180 days after the start of insulin treatment from the C-peptide response to a standard meal. At one and seven days after diagnosis, no difference was found in B cell function between the two groups. After 14 days, the amount of C-peptide secreted during the test meal was 18.0±2.6 nmol (mean±SEM) in group A compared with 29.0+3.6 nmol in group B (p〈0.05). After 90 and 180 days, no difference was demonstrated in B cell function. The maximal B cell function observed was similar in the two groups, but occurred earlier in group B (at 14 days) than in group A (at 90 days) (p〈0.05). This study indicates that strict initial glycaemic control may lead to an earlier improvement in B cell function, but that this improvement is of short duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glycaemic control ; B-cell function ; insulin-dependent diabetics ; C-peptide ; endogenous insulin secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 14 insulin dependent diabetics past their initial remission period B-cell function was evaluated using a test meal before and after 1 week of strict blood glucose control, and again 3 weeks later when the patients were outpatients on conventional therapy. Eight patients with fasting C-peptide above 0.07 nmol/l improved their B-cell function significantly (p〈0.05) during the period of strict blood glucose control. However, the improvement was of short duration and was absent 3 weeks later in most patients. Six patients with fasting C-peptide below or equal to 0.07 nmol/l had no significant improvement in B-cell function during the period of strict control. The study shows that B-cell function and degree of blood glucose control are related in patients with fasting C-peptide above 0.07 nmol/l, and that B-cell function can change within days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin autoantibodies ; islet cell antibodies ; insulin antibodies ; C-peptide ; children ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood was drawn from 74 children, 3–16 years old, at diagnosis of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes and before the first insulin injection. Insulin autoantibodies were detected with a polyethylen-glycol-method in 27/74 (36.4%) and with an immuno-electrophoretic method in 6/74 (8.1%). Islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies detected by indirect immuno-fluorescence were found in 49/74 patients (66.2%), who included as many as 23 of the 27 patients with insulin autoantibodies determined with the polyethylen-glycol-method (p〈0.01). The proportion of insulin autoantibody-positive patients who developed insulin antibodies during the first 9 months of insulin treatment was not significantly greater (51.8%) than that of insulin autoantibody-negative patients (44.6%), but patients with both islet cell antibodies and insulin autoantibodies at diagnosis produced more insulin antibodies during the first 9 months (p〈0.05). There was no difference in fasting or meal stimulated serum C-peptide after 3, 9 or 18 months as related to occurrence of insulin autoantibodies and/or islet cell antibodies. The correlation between insulin autoantibodies and islet cell antibodies indicates that both types of autoantibodies reflect the same immunological process, although the lack of correlation to C-peptide may indicate that they play a minor causal role. In addition, the results show that patients with an active autoimmune process evidently tend to produce more insulin antibodies during the first months of insulin treatment, but the islet cell antibodies and insulin autoantibodies-positive patients had at least as good residual B-cell function as patients without autoantibodies at diagnosis. If insulin antibodies produced as a response to exogenous insulin do have a negative effect on B-cell function our present results suggest that such mechanisms are of minor importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; recent-onset ; proinsulin ; C-peptide ; cyclosporin ; remission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An increased proinsulin to C-peptide molar ratio at the onset of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus has been suggested. We studied fasting proinsulin levels and proinsulin/C-peptide ratios in the newly diagnosed diabetic subjects participating in the Canadian/European placebo controlled cyclosporin study at entry, during the one year treatment period and six months of follow-up. Available entry data from 176 out of the 188 allocated patients were compared to 60 age and weight matched control subjects. Fasting proinsulin was significantly elevated in male patients compared to male control subjects (p〈0.01), whereas the levels only tended to be elevated in female patients. The proinsulin/C-peptide ratio was three to fourfold elevated in the diabetic groups of both sexes, (p〈0.001). Further, proinsulin and C-peptide were studied in 83 cyclosporin and 86 placebo-treated subjects during the trial and follow-up. An additional increase of proinsulin/C-peptide ratio was observed during the first three months of placebo treatment. It remained constantly high for nine months and then declined to entry level. This pattern was not seen in the cyclosporintreated group, where the ratio was unchanged during the 12 months trial and follow-up. The effect of cyclosporin on the induction of non-insulin requiring remission was unrelated to fasting and glucagon stimulated C-peptide levels at entry, whereas 64% of the cyclosporin-treated against 28% of the placebo-treated subjects (p〈0.01) went into remission if the proinsulin/C-peptide ratio at entry was above 0.024. If the ratio was below 0.024 at entry, 42% and 33% went into non-insulin requiring remission, respectively (NS). We conclude that fasting proinsulin to C-peptide molar ratio is elevated at the onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. A further plateaushape elevation lasting nine months was seen during the remission period. Cyclosporin seems to inhibit or delay this development. The proinsulin/C-peptide ratio at diagnosis may show to be of value in the prediction of remission during cyclosporin treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin-treated diabetics ; C-peptide ; IV glucagon test ; residual B-cell function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 83 insulin-treated diabetics the influence of the duration of insulin treatment on the prevalence of residual insulin secretion was examined by determining the plasma C-peptide concentration before and after intravenous injection of 1 mg of glucagon. In 64 patients, plasma C-peptide concentration was also determined before and after a standard meal. There was a good correlation between the C-peptide response to glucagon and to the meal (r=0.67; p〈0.0001) suggesting that the glucagon test will predict the B-cell response during everyday life. The predictive value of a positive glucagon test was 84% and of a negative test 100%. A preserved, but reduced, B-cell function was demonstrable in 36 of 83 patients. Residual B-cell function was most frequent in the patients with the shortest duration of diabetes. The metabolic importance of endogenous insulin was demonstrated by the significantly lower insulin requirement in the patients with residual B-cell function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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