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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (18)
  • Inferior olive  (4)
  • CCAATT enhancer binding protein  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcription, adipocyte differentiation, and obesity (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Adipocytes ; CCAATT enhancer binding protein ; Gene expression ; Nuclear receptors ; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Differentiation of adipogenic precursor cells into mature adipocytes is a complex phenomenon, characterized by an ordered expression of adipocyte-specific genes, triggered by a set of interacting transcription factors. The most important transcription factors involved in this process are the γ form of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARγ) and the various members of the CCAAT enhancer binding proteins (α, β, and δ). In addition to PPARγ and these enhancer binding proteins, several other transcription factors, including ADD-1 (SRE-BP), HMGI-C, are involved in regulating this process. Altered activity and/or expression of these transcription factors, will induce the expression of target genes in the differentiating cells, ultimately resulting in the phenotypical characteristics of the adipocytes. It is speculated that modulation of these transcription factors by either pharmacological or dietary manipulations might influence adipocyte differentiation and prove beneficial in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210629
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcription, adipocyte differentiation, and obesity (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Adipocytes ; CCAATT enhancer binding protein ; Gene expression ; Nuclear receptors ; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Differentiation of adipogenic precursor cells into mature adipocytes is a complex phenomenon, characterized by an ordered expression of adipocyte-specific genes, triggered by a set of interacting transcription factors. The most important transcription factors involved in this process are the γ form of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARγ) and the various members of the CCAAT enhancer binding proteins (α, β, and δ). In addition to PPARγ and these enhancer binding proteins, several other transcription factors, including ADD-1 (SRE-BP), HMGI-C, are involved in regulating this process. Altered activity and/or expression of these transcription factors, will induce the expression of target genes in the differentiating cells, ultimately resulting in the phenotypical characteristics of the adipocytes. It is speculated that modulation of these transcription factors by either pharmacological or dietary manipulations might influence adipocyte differentiation and prove beneficial in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090050036
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the early development of ascending spinal pathways (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 166 (1983), S. 191-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Development ; Spinal pathways ; Cerebellum ; Inferior olive ; Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticular formation ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of ascending spinal pathways has been studied in the North American opossum using degeneration methods and the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Axons from caudal thoracic and/or lumbosacral levels of the spinal cord reach the lateral reticular nucleus, the inferior olivary complex, the reticular formation of the medulla and pons as well as the cerebellum very early in development. Innervation of the nucleus gracilis occurs somewhat later. Spinal axons grow into most of the caudal brain stem areas they occupy in the adult animal, including the nucleus gracilis, before there is convincing evidence that they reach the thalamus. Although spinal axons enter the cerebellum early in development their adult distribution with its characteristic discontinuities appears relatively late.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305082
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The direct spinal area of the inferior olivary nucleus: An electron microscopic study (1975)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Spinal afferents ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Identification of the direct spinal areas (portions of the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei) within the opossum inferior olivary complex was accomplished by mapping the location of the terminal degeneration by the Fink-Heimer technique subsequent to cervical cord lesions. Following similar lesions, sampling of these same regions for electron microscopic study was assured by examination of transversely oriented, 1 μ plastic sections prior to thin sectioning. The first evidence of electron dense axon terminals was found at a survival time of 24 hours. At survival times of 36, 48 and 72 hours, degenerating presynaptic profiles shrink, become irregular in shape and are totally or partially surrounded by glial processes. Spinal terminals average 1–2 μ in their greatest dimension, contain round, clear synaptic vesicles and generally contact small diameter (0.4–1.8 μ) dendritic shafts or occasional spiny appendages. The spiny dendritic appendages make up the central core of the olivary glomeruli and these juxtaposed dendritic processes exhibit gap junctions. At longer survival times (5, 7 and 9 days) many presynaptic profiles with either round or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles remain normal in appearance and contact dendritic shafts or the spiny appendages within glomeruli. Afferents from other sources (possibly including intrinsic neurons) must terminate within the direct spinal portion of the nuclear complex to account for the numerous axon terminals which retain normal morphology after such long survival times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235408
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebello-olivary fibers: Their origin, course and distribution in the North American opossum (1976)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 24 (1976), S. 219-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Cerebellum ; Opossum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although degeneration techniques suggest that cerebello-olivary fibers are limited in their origin and distribution, horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic experiments make it clear that they arise within all cerebellar nuclei and project to most, if not all, areas of the contralateral inferior olive. Autoradiographic preparations show that cerebello-olivary fibers are highly ordered and suggest that the dentate nucleus projects primarily to the principal olive, the interpositus anterior relays particularly heavy to the dorsal accessory nucleus and the interpositus posterior distributes extensively to the medial accessory complex. Evidence for a small projection from the fastigial nucleus to the caudal medial accessory nucleus is also available. However, it appears clear that neither the dentate nor the interpositus nuclei project to just one subdivision of the olive. For example, although dentate fibers end extensively within the principal nucleus some of them also distribute to portions of the medial accessory nucleus and perhaps the dorsal accessory nucleus as well. The medial accessory olive is particularly complex and at rostral levels receives input from both interposed and dentate nuclei, whereas more caudally it receives a projection from the fastigial nucleus. Olivary fibers from both the interposed and dentate nuclei traverse the brachium conjunctivum descendons and distribute primarily to the rostral 2/3 to 3/4 of the olive, whereas those from fastigial neurons take a different route and end more caudally. Experiments utilizing horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde tracer suggest that cerebello-olivary fibers from both the interpositus anterior and dentate nuclei take origin from a population of generally small neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235011
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The synaptic organization of the cerebello-oiivary circuit (1976)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Cerebellum ; Deep cerebellar nuclei ; Ultra-structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Section of the superior cerebellar peduncle just rostral to the deep cerebellar nuclei results in degenerating axon terminals within the contralateral inferior olive. The nuclear origin of this fiber system and its distribution within the subdivisions of the inferior olive were described in a companion study (Martin et al., 1976). Precise localization of these degenerating terminals within the nucleus was accomplished by the examination of 1 μ plastic sections cut from each tissue block prior to thin sectioning. Degenerating axon terminals are present in all the nuclear subdivisions and when seen with the electron microscope they frequently are localized in the previously described synaptic clusters (King, 1976). These terminals demonstrate an electron dense reaction at survival times of 2 and 3 days. By day 4, they are shrunken and irregular in shape, and typically are surrounded by astrocyte processes. Cerebello-olivary axon terminals measure 1–3 μ, contain spherical, clear synaptic vesicles and typically contact spiny appendages within the synaptic clusters (glomeruli). Thus, we have demonstrated that one of the primary axon systems which terminates within the synaptic clusters is from the cerebellar nuclei. We have yet to determine the origins of the remaining terminals within the synaptic clusters which include endings with either smaller spherical, pleomorphic or numerous dense core vesicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238280
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Choroid plexus and paraphysis in lower vertebratesSupported in part by Public Health Service grant NB-5383 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 157-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoarchitecture of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and the paraphysis was investigated in some lower vertebrates to compare the histologic characteristics of these organs. Both epithelia are similar in appearance in the same class. Minor microscopic variations exist in the different classes of vertebrates, but do not provide a fundamental distinction between the two organs. The epithelia, moreover, have similar staining properties, contain mucicarmine- and PAS-reactive materials, and are derived from a common neuroepithelium. Tubules are identified in the choroid plexus and in the paraphysis; all are similarly formed by simple folding of epithelium on the surface into the stroma. The paraphyses in all vertebrates studied contain villi similar to those seen in the choroid plexus. Cilia are identified in both choroidal and paraphyseal epithelia, and are not an indication of degree of epithelial differentiation. Many types of epithelium are noted in both organs during histologic differentiation as well as in the mature stage. Functionally, the choroid plexus is active in both secretion and absorption. Accumulation of particulate material within the epithelial cytoplasm may indicate phagocytic as well as absorptive activity of cells. Based on a common neuroepithelial origin and similar histochemical properties, we conclude that the paraphysis is a modified choroid plexus. The velum transversum is an arbitrary boundary between diencephalon and telencephalon, and is itself formed of choroid plexus. The medial telencephalic ventricle is the rostral portion of the third ventricle. All neuroepithelial infoldings at the rostral end of the diencephalic roof including the velum transversum are intraventricular choroid plexuses; the neuroepithelial outpouchings in this region are the extraventricular choroid plexuses (paraphysis) of the diencephalon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200204
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binding of antibodies in liposomes to extracellular matrix antigens (1985)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 28 (1985), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: fibronectin ; laminin ; liposomes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: We have incorporated antibodies against fibronectin or laminin into liposomes and studied their interaction with insoluble forms of these antigens. The antibodies, after modification by palmitoylchloride, were incorporated into the lipid bilayer by the cholate dialysis method. The antibodies in the liposomes recognized their specific antigen with little reaction to the alternative attachment protein or to albumin (〈2%). The binding of antibody-containing liposomes to insoluble antigen was inhibited by soluble antibodies to the respective antigens but not by antibodies to other antigens. The affinity constant of the liposome-antibody complex with the antigen was estimated at 1-10 × 10-9 M liposomes. Thus, antibodies in liposomes retain their reactivity and specificity, and the reaction constant is comparable to that observed for immune complexes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240280105
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ipsilaterally projecting rubrospinal neurons in adult and developing opossums (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 231 (1991), S. 538-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have combined injections of Fast Blue with lesions of the rubrospinal tract rostral and contralateral to them to determine if an ipsilateral rubrospinal projection exists in adult or developing opossums and, if so, to characterize the neurons giving rise to it. Although the results indicate that some rubral neurons project ipsilaterally, they are very few in number. Using quantitative and image analysis techniques, we have shown that 0.6% of the rubral neurons that project to the lumbar cord in adult opossums do so ipsilaterally and that such neurons are comparable in location and size to those that project contralaterally. Similar results were obtained in developing opossums. Our results are discussed in light of rubrospinal development and ongoing experiments related to rubrospinal plasticity.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092310415
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracranial and extracranial circulations in the dog: Anatomic and angiographic studiesThis investigation was supported in part by Research Grant B-1088 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness of the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 105 (1959), S. 343-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001050303
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