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  • Clostridia  (4)
  • Inferior olive  (4)
  • CCAATT enhancer binding protein  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcription, adipocyte differentiation, and obesity (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Adipocytes ; CCAATT enhancer binding protein ; Gene expression ; Nuclear receptors ; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Differentiation of adipogenic precursor cells into mature adipocytes is a complex phenomenon, characterized by an ordered expression of adipocyte-specific genes, triggered by a set of interacting transcription factors. The most important transcription factors involved in this process are the γ form of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARγ) and the various members of the CCAAT enhancer binding proteins (α, β, and δ). In addition to PPARγ and these enhancer binding proteins, several other transcription factors, including ADD-1 (SRE-BP), HMGI-C, are involved in regulating this process. Altered activity and/or expression of these transcription factors, will induce the expression of target genes in the differentiating cells, ultimately resulting in the phenotypical characteristics of the adipocytes. It is speculated that modulation of these transcription factors by either pharmacological or dietary manipulations might influence adipocyte differentiation and prove beneficial in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210629
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcription, adipocyte differentiation, and obesity (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Adipocytes ; CCAATT enhancer binding protein ; Gene expression ; Nuclear receptors ; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Differentiation of adipogenic precursor cells into mature adipocytes is a complex phenomenon, characterized by an ordered expression of adipocyte-specific genes, triggered by a set of interacting transcription factors. The most important transcription factors involved in this process are the γ form of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARγ) and the various members of the CCAAT enhancer binding proteins (α, β, and δ). In addition to PPARγ and these enhancer binding proteins, several other transcription factors, including ADD-1 (SRE-BP), HMGI-C, are involved in regulating this process. Altered activity and/or expression of these transcription factors, will induce the expression of target genes in the differentiating cells, ultimately resulting in the phenotypical characteristics of the adipocytes. It is speculated that modulation of these transcription factors by either pharmacological or dietary manipulations might influence adipocyte differentiation and prove beneficial in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090050036
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the early development of ascending spinal pathways (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 166 (1983), S. 191-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Development ; Spinal pathways ; Cerebellum ; Inferior olive ; Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticular formation ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of ascending spinal pathways has been studied in the North American opossum using degeneration methods and the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Axons from caudal thoracic and/or lumbosacral levels of the spinal cord reach the lateral reticular nucleus, the inferior olivary complex, the reticular formation of the medulla and pons as well as the cerebellum very early in development. Innervation of the nucleus gracilis occurs somewhat later. Spinal axons grow into most of the caudal brain stem areas they occupy in the adult animal, including the nucleus gracilis, before there is convincing evidence that they reach the thalamus. Although spinal axons enter the cerebellum early in development their adult distribution with its characteristic discontinuities appears relatively late.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305082
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The direct spinal area of the inferior olivary nucleus: An electron microscopic study (1975)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Spinal afferents ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Identification of the direct spinal areas (portions of the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei) within the opossum inferior olivary complex was accomplished by mapping the location of the terminal degeneration by the Fink-Heimer technique subsequent to cervical cord lesions. Following similar lesions, sampling of these same regions for electron microscopic study was assured by examination of transversely oriented, 1 μ plastic sections prior to thin sectioning. The first evidence of electron dense axon terminals was found at a survival time of 24 hours. At survival times of 36, 48 and 72 hours, degenerating presynaptic profiles shrink, become irregular in shape and are totally or partially surrounded by glial processes. Spinal terminals average 1–2 μ in their greatest dimension, contain round, clear synaptic vesicles and generally contact small diameter (0.4–1.8 μ) dendritic shafts or occasional spiny appendages. The spiny dendritic appendages make up the central core of the olivary glomeruli and these juxtaposed dendritic processes exhibit gap junctions. At longer survival times (5, 7 and 9 days) many presynaptic profiles with either round or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles remain normal in appearance and contact dendritic shafts or the spiny appendages within glomeruli. Afferents from other sources (possibly including intrinsic neurons) must terminate within the direct spinal portion of the nuclear complex to account for the numerous axon terminals which retain normal morphology after such long survival times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235408
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebello-olivary fibers: Their origin, course and distribution in the North American opossum (1976)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 24 (1976), S. 219-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Cerebellum ; Opossum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although degeneration techniques suggest that cerebello-olivary fibers are limited in their origin and distribution, horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic experiments make it clear that they arise within all cerebellar nuclei and project to most, if not all, areas of the contralateral inferior olive. Autoradiographic preparations show that cerebello-olivary fibers are highly ordered and suggest that the dentate nucleus projects primarily to the principal olive, the interpositus anterior relays particularly heavy to the dorsal accessory nucleus and the interpositus posterior distributes extensively to the medial accessory complex. Evidence for a small projection from the fastigial nucleus to the caudal medial accessory nucleus is also available. However, it appears clear that neither the dentate nor the interpositus nuclei project to just one subdivision of the olive. For example, although dentate fibers end extensively within the principal nucleus some of them also distribute to portions of the medial accessory nucleus and perhaps the dorsal accessory nucleus as well. The medial accessory olive is particularly complex and at rostral levels receives input from both interposed and dentate nuclei, whereas more caudally it receives a projection from the fastigial nucleus. Olivary fibers from both the interposed and dentate nuclei traverse the brachium conjunctivum descendons and distribute primarily to the rostral 2/3 to 3/4 of the olive, whereas those from fastigial neurons take a different route and end more caudally. Experiments utilizing horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde tracer suggest that cerebello-olivary fibers from both the interpositus anterior and dentate nuclei take origin from a population of generally small neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235011
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The synaptic organization of the cerebello-oiivary circuit (1976)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Cerebellum ; Deep cerebellar nuclei ; Ultra-structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Section of the superior cerebellar peduncle just rostral to the deep cerebellar nuclei results in degenerating axon terminals within the contralateral inferior olive. The nuclear origin of this fiber system and its distribution within the subdivisions of the inferior olive were described in a companion study (Martin et al., 1976). Precise localization of these degenerating terminals within the nucleus was accomplished by the examination of 1 μ plastic sections cut from each tissue block prior to thin sectioning. Degenerating axon terminals are present in all the nuclear subdivisions and when seen with the electron microscope they frequently are localized in the previously described synaptic clusters (King, 1976). These terminals demonstrate an electron dense reaction at survival times of 2 and 3 days. By day 4, they are shrunken and irregular in shape, and typically are surrounded by astrocyte processes. Cerebello-olivary axon terminals measure 1–3 μ, contain spherical, clear synaptic vesicles and typically contact spiny appendages within the synaptic clusters (glomeruli). Thus, we have demonstrated that one of the primary axon systems which terminates within the synaptic clusters is from the cerebellar nuclei. We have yet to determine the origins of the remaining terminals within the synaptic clusters which include endings with either smaller spherical, pleomorphic or numerous dense core vesicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238280
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatile acid production from threonine, valine, leucine and isoleucine by clostridia (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Clostridia ; Threonine ; Valine ; Leucine ; Isoleucine ; Propionic acid ; iso-butyric acid ; n-butyric acid ; 2-methyl butyric acid ; 3-methyl butyric acid ; 4-methyl valeric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of the volatile acids produced from thereonine, valine, leucine and isoleucine by growing cultures of clostridia have been measured. The species used were Clostridium sporogenes; C. caloritolerans; C. botulinum proteolytic type A; C. botulinum proteolytic type B; C. botulinum proteolytic type F; C. botulinum proteolytic type G; C. putrificum; C. difficile; C. ghoni; C. bifermentans; C. sordellii; C. mangenoti; C. cadaveris; C. lituseburense; C. propionicum; C. sticklandii; C. scatologenes; C. subterminale; C. putrefaciens; C. histolyticum; C. tetanomorphum; C. limosum; C. lentoputrescens; C. tetani; C. melanomenatum; C. cochlearium; C. sporospheroides. Most of the species tested gave increased yields of propionic acid when grown in the threonine medium; in addition, some species resembled C. propionicum and produced n-butyric acid when grown in this medium. C. histolyticum produced only acetic acid in the basal medium; all seven strains of this species produced more acetic acid when grown in the threonine medium than in the basal medium. Species which oxidize valine to iso-butyric acid also oxidize leucine to 3-methyl butyric acid and isoleucine to 2-methylbutyric acid. The iso-caproic fraction produced by some species is shown to be derived from leucine. The identitity of the branched-chain acids produced by C. sporogenes has been confirmed by gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402304
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amino acid utilization patterns in clostridial taxonomy (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: 2-aminobutyric acid ; 5-aminovaleric acid ; Glutamic acid ; Lysine ; Proline ; Tyrosine ; Polyamide layer ; Chromatography ; Clostridia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The polyamide layer technique for the chromatographic separation of dimethylaminonaphthalene sulphonyl amino acids has been adapted to the qualitative analysis of amino acids in media before and after the growth of micro-organisms. The method has been used to study the amino acids metabolized by cultures of proteolytic clostridia growing in a medium consisting of an acid hydrolysate of casein as a source of amino acids and small amounts of yeast extract and trypticase as sources of growth factors. The chromatograms of the media after growth showed which amino acids were used and which new amino acids were produced. Clostridium botulinum type F (proteolytic), C. ghoni, C. mangenoti and C. putrificum were found to reduce proline to 5-aminovaleric acid and to produce 2-aminobutyric acid, properties they shared with C. sporogenes and C. sticklandii. C. botulinum type G and C. subterminale used glycine, lysine, serine, and arginine but in contrast to C. sticklandii they neither reduced proline to 5-aminovaleric acid nor produced 2-aminobutyric acid. Both organisms oxidized phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan to phenylacetic acid, p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid and indole acetic acid respectively. C. lituseburense and C. scatologenes used serine, threonine and arginine and produced 2-amino butyric acid and ornithine. C. lentoputrescens, C. limosum and C. malenomenatum resembled C. tetanomorphum by using glutamic acid and tyrosine. The chromatograms always showed the physiological group to which an organism belonged and in some cases were characteristic of the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446812
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The end products of the metabolism of aromatic amino acids by clostridia (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Clostridia ; Phenylalanine ; Tyrosine ; Tryptophan ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The end products of the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan by growing cultures of clostridia have been identified. The species used were Clostridium aminovalericum; C. bifermentans; C. botulinum proteolytic type A; C. botulinum proteolytic type B; C. cochlearium; C. difficile; C. ghoni; C. histolyticum; C. lentoputrescens; C. limosum; C. lituseburense; C. malenomenatum; C. mangenoti; C. propionicum; C. putrefaciens; C. sordellii; C. sporogenes; C. sporosphaeroides; C. sticklandii; C. subterminale; C. tetani; C. tetanomorphum. The mixture of aromatic compounds formed, which depended upon the species, included phenyl acetic acid, phenyl propionic acid, phenyl lactic acid, phenol, p-cresol, p-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid, p-hydroxy phenyl propionic acid, indole, indole acetic acid and indole propionic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425340
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The metabolism of pyrimidines by proteolytic clostridia (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Clostridia ; Pyrimidine Reduction ; Dihydropyrimidine ; Uracil ; Thymine ; Cytosine ; 5-Amino Uracil ; Isobarbituric Acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uracil was used by growing cultures of Clostridium sporogenes, and by proteolytic strains of C. botulinum types A and B. Uracil was not used by C. bifermentans; C. botulinum, type B (non-proteolytic); C. botulinum, type F (non-proteolytic); C. botulinum, type E; C. butyricum; C. cochlearium; C. difficile; C. histolyticum; C. oedematiens, type A; C. paraputrificum; C. scatologenes; C. septicum; C. sordellii; C. sticklandii; C. tertium; C. tetani; C. tetanomorphum; C. welchii, types A, B, C, E and 4 untyped strains. The growth of C. sporogenes was not increased by uracil; it was reduced to dihydrouracil. Experiments with washed cells of C. sporogenes showed that the uracil-reducing system was inducible. Washed cell suspensions incubated under hydrogen with uracil, thymine, iso-barbituric acid, 5-amino uracil and cytosine consumed 1 mole H2/mole pyrimidine. The reduction product of cytosine was dihydrouracil indicating that it was deaminated before reduction. The reduction products of the remaining pyrimidines were the corresponding dihydro derivatives. Extracts of C. sporogenes reduced uracil in the presence of NADPH2 but not NADH2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428359
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