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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Pancreatico-Biliary Secretions and GI Transit Time on the Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Ranitidine in Humans (1998)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 15 (1998), S. 1281-1285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: ranitidine ; absorption ; secondary peak ; bile ; CCK ; GI transit time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. Ranitidine plasma concentration vs. time profiles and the extent of ranitidine absorption were examined in the presence and absence of pancreatico-biliary secretions in order to elucidate factors which may contribute to secondary peaks after oral ranitidine administration. Methods. Ranitidine solution (300 mg) was administered to 4 fasting healthy subjects via an indwelling small-bore oroenteric tube located ∼16 cm distal to the pylorus. On 3 consecutive days, subjects randomly received ranitidine alone (control), ranitidine 10 min after 0.04 μg/kg IV cholecystokinin (CCK) sufficient to cause gall bladder emptying into the duodenum, and ranitidine 30 min after inflation of an occlusive duodenal balloon located ∼10 cm distal to the pylorus to prevent pancreatico-biliary secretions from reaching the dosing port or beyond. Small bowel transit time (SBTT; min) was measured by breath H2. Serial blood samples, obtained over 12 hours in each treatment, were analyzed by HPLC to determine ranitidine AUC0−2(ng*h/mL), as well as Cmax(ng/mL) and Tmax(min) of the first and subsequent peaks, if subsequent peaks were observed. Results. Ranitidine AUC0−2and Cmax1, were not altered significantly by treatments; treatment effects on SBTT varied. Secondary peaks were observed in subjects #1 and #3 during the control treatment and subjects #2 and #4 during the CCK treatment. No secondary peaks were observed in any subject during the balloon treatment, and Tmax1was delayed. Conclusions. Results support the hypothesis that pancreatico-biliary secretions (present in the intestinal lumen during control or CCK treatment) and gastrointestinal transit time may influence the occurrence of secondary peaks in ranitidine concentration vs. time profiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011908412058
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The coulometric determination of chemical oxygen demand (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 9 (1997), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Chemical oxygen demand ; Coulometry ; Chromium ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of solutions containing various organic compounds is calculated from the net faradaic charge (Qnet) estimated for the total electrolytic oxidation of CrIII generated during oxidative degradation of the organic compounds in acidic media containing excess CrVI. Values of Qnet for conversion of CrIII to CrVI are estimated from the linearized chronoamperometric data plotted as In {itat, t} vs. t. This procedure is preferred over determinations of Qnet from the total integrals of itot over the entire electrolysis period because of large errors that can result from uncertainty in the background current (ibkg) for t → ∞. The proposed coulometric procedure offers the benefit that reagent solutions can be reused, thereby minimizing the need for disposal of wastes containing toxic CrVI. This procedure was applied in a single digest solution for consecutive determinations of COD. Average COD values for potassium acid phthalate and glucose were 103.8% (s - 6.0, N - 10) and 100.2% (s - 4.2, N - 11), respectively, based on the theoretical degradation to CO2. In comparison for these same samples, an EPA approved method, based on colorimetric determination of CrIII, gave COD values of 101.4% (S - 1.4, N - 5) and 100.1% (s - 1.4, N - 5) of the theoretical. Statistical tests indicate no significant difference in the COD values determined for these compounds using the coulometric and EPA methods.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140090403
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