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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 437 (1998), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Ca2+ ; Ca2+ -ATPase ; Caffeine ; Cardiac ; Heart ; Ryanodine ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This study was designed to measure the Ca2+ content of rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) after equilibration with normal diastolic levels of Ca2+ (100 nM), in the absence and presence of caffeine. Measurements of [Ca2+] based on Fura-2 fluorescence were made from a limited bath volume (230 nl) containing individual saponin-permeabilised rat cardiac trabeculae. Injection of caffeine (5–40 mM) into this volume caused an initial release of Ca2+ from the SR, but within 30 s the SR was able to re-accumulate a significant proportion of the Ca2+. Ca2+ re-accumulation into the SR could be prevented by removal of ATP to inhibit the SR Ca2+ pump. Incubation of the preparation in an ATP-containing solution containing caffeine (5–40 mM) and 100 nM Ca2+ indicated that the SR’s ability to retain Ca2+ depends inversely on the dose of caffeine. The relative Ca2+ content of the SR after preincubation with caffeine was 86.7±3.5% at a caffeine concentration of 5 mM, 62.5±5.1% at 10 mM caffeine, 37.8±8.1% at 20 mM caffeine and 7.1±1.9% at 40 mM caffeine. Measurement of the SR Ca2+ release in the presence of different BAPTA concentrations was used to calculate (1) the Ca2+-binding capacity of the preparation (equivalent to 245±10 µM BAPTA) and (2) the Ca2+ content of the SR accessed by caffeine after equilibration with 100 nM Ca2+ (186±11 µmol/l cell volume or 5.6 mmol/l SR volume).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 421 (1992), S. 343-349 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle ; Rigor tension ; Ca2+ ; Caffeine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ventricular trabeculae from rat heart were chemically skinned with Triton-X100, which disrupts all cellular membranes including the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Trabeculae developed a maintained rigor contracture when adenosine triphosphate was withdrawn from the bathing medium. In all preparations, the final level of rigor force developed in the presence of caffeine (10–40 mM) was greater than under control conditions. However, caffeine failed to increase rigor tension when applied after contracture had fully developed. The effect of caffeine on rigor was maximal at about 15 mM; concentrations greater or less than 15 mM were less effective. On average, caffeine decreased the time required to develop half-maximum rigor force. The caffeine-induced potentiation of rigor force occurred in the effective absence of Ca2+ (10−9 M), in solutions strongly Ca2+-buffered with [ethylenebis(oxonitrilo)]tetraaceticacid (10–50 mM). In all preparations, rigor force was found to be independent of [Ca2+] over the range 10−10 M to about 10−7 M. These results suggest that caffeine affects rigor force by a direct effect on the myofilaments via a mechanism that is independent of Ca2+.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 493-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Fluorescence ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extent of degeneration and regeneration of catecholamine-containing nerve fibres in the external layer of the median eminence of the rat has been assessed following treatment with 6-OHDA. Ultrastructural and fluorescence histochemical evidence suggests that nerve terminal degeneration occurs in the external layer of the caudal regions of the median eminence, including the anatomical stem, following intravenous injection of 6-OHDA in a dose of 100 mg/kg. No degeneration in the external layer of the median eminence was observed when the drug was given as sequential intracisternal injections to adult rats or neonatal rats by subcutaneous injections. The fluorescence histochemical studies suggest that regeneration of catecholamine-containing neurons is substantially complete within three weeks of treatment with intravenous 6-OHDA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 208-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Hypophysial portal vessels ; Pars distalis ; Ultrastructure ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibres containing granular vesicles first appear in the median eminence of the rat on the 16th foetal day while secretory granules in the cells of the adenohypophysis are not present till the 17th foetal day. These observations suggest that the differentiation and early activity of pars distalis cells may depend on substances elaborated at nerve terminals in the median eminence. Although the loops of the primary plexus of portal vessels do not develop until the 4th postnatal day, substances released by nerve fibres in the neurohypophysis could reach the pars distalis through vessels already present at the 15th foetal day in the mesenchyme between the diencephalon and the adenohypophysis. This view is supported by the fact that the earliest cells to exhibit ultrastructural evidence of secretory activity are in the rostral pole of the pars distalis, the first region of the gland to become vascularized. The earliest granules to appear in the cells of the pars distalis correspond to those which are considered to contain mucoprotein hormones; somatotrophin type granules were seen only in postnatal tissues. The finding that, in the median eminence, the development of granular vesicles precedes that of agranular vesicles is discussed with reference to the times at which neurosecretory materials and monoamines become detectable in the region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 541-556 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Monoamine fluorescence ; Output of pars distalis hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of monoamines in the median eminence of foetal, neonatal and adult rats has been studied with the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique in preparations in which the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were in continuity. In adult rats monoamine fluorescence is present throughout the median eminence, including the anatomical stem. In foetal rats a few sagittally-directed varicose fluorescent fibres are seen in the median eminence. In neonatal rats palisade layer fluorescence in appreciable amounts is first seen on the fourth day in the region of the anatomical stem. By the eighth day it has spread throughout the palisade layer of the entire median eminence, and by the end of the third week it has attained adult intensity. The appearance of monoamines in the median eminence, the development of a functional hypophysial portal system, and a changing pattern of development of function in both the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axes thus all appear to be contemporaneous events. It is suggested that the monoamines of the median eminence represent part of a neural system influencing the output of pars distalis hormones, in particular of ACTH and TSH secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of a synthetic analog of valinomycin, cyclo[-(D-Ile-Lac-Ile-D-Hyi)3-] (C60H102N6O18), has been determined by x-ray diffraction procedures. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with cell parameters a = 11.516, b = 15.705, c = 39.310 Å, and Z = 4. The atomic coordinates for the C, N, O atoms were refined in the anisotropic thermal motion approximation and for the H atoms in the isotropic approximation. Values of standard (R) and weighted (Rw) reliability factors after refinement are 0.073 and 0.056, respectively. The structure is completely asymmetric. The cyclic molecular backbone is stabilized by six intramolecular hydrogen bonds N—H…O=C, five bonds being of the 4→1 type and one being of the 5→1 type. The side chains are located on the molecular periphery. The conformational state of isoleucinomycin in the crystal is intermediate between the corresponding crystalline states of valinomycin and meso-valinomycin. The observed conformation suggests that complexation could proceed via entry of the ion at the face possessing the L-Lac residues, the less crowded face.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 14 (1992), S. 401-408 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: X-ray diffraction ; allosterism ; zinc/phenol interaction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Hexameric insulin has been crystallized from different conditions ina variety of crystalline modifications. In the presence of ∼1%phenol and at a pH of 8.5, a new rhom-bohedral form is produced, space group R3, a = 79.92 Åand c = 40.39 Å, in whichthe asymmetric unit consists of a dimer. The structur has been solved and refined, using data between 8.0 and 2.5 Å resolution, to a residual of0.157. The two monomers in the asymmetric unit have nearly identical R conformations, that is, residues Bl through B8 are α-helical, producing a continuous α-helix from Bl through B19. A phenol molecule is hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl oxygen of A6 Cys of each monomer. Small differences in conformation and the final (2Fo-Fc) and difference electron density maps suggest that an additional phenol molecule is coordinated to one of the two zinc ions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 24 (1982), S. 2766-2766 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple and reproducible quantitative method for measuring dissolved oxygen (DO) in uninfected and baculovirus infected cells in culture is described. To establish this method, an industrial DO measuring system for fermentation was employed. During this process the physical characteristics of the cell culture vessel were taken into account permitting a direct readout of DO in microliters per vessel. During these studies, it was experimentally documented that insect cells, particularly baculovirus infected cells, in culture from 1 to 14 days utilize an appreciable level of DO.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The two-scale turbulence concept is recommended for modeling the turbulence in a baffled vessel equipped with a Rushton-type turbine impeller. A three-equation isotropic turbulence model is proposed that employs the balance equations for: the kinetic energy of the large scale vortices; the kinetic energy of the inertial subrange eddies; and the dissipation rate of the small-scale turbulence. The energy transfer rate from the large-scale vortices is prescribed algebraically. Flow patterns are modeled by solving the transport equations for vorticity, stream function, and tangential momentum. The Reynolds stresses are modeled by means of the effective viscosity, based on the three-equation model of turbulence. The calculated profiles of the mean velocity at the tank wall agree with experimental data obtained in the same system by means of a Pitot tube.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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