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  • Chemistry  (38)
  • ab initio calculations  (3)
  • Carbokationen  (2)
  • Solid superacids  (2)
  • chlorination  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Methane ; chlorination ; solid acid ; zeolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chlorination of methane was studied over amorphous silica-alumina, silicalite as well as H-mordenite, X, Y, NaL and H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. The heterogeneous transformations were carried out in a continuous flow reactor in the 200–425 °C temperature range, under atmospheric pressure (methane to chlorine ratio 4:1, GHSV 600 ml/ g h). Chlorination of methane over zeolites in the 200–300 °C temperature range proceeds without selectivity indicating a radical mechanism. Above 300–350 °C, depending on the nature of zeolite, selective monochlorination takes place indicating the dominance of an ionic mechanism. H-mordenite was found to give the best monochlorination at the lowest temperature (99.2% CH3Cl at 350 °C). The observed selectivity of the investigated zeolites is strongly time limited. All investigated catalysts lose their selectivity after five hours on-stream due to extraction of aluminum from the framework of zeolites by hydrogen chloride. Amorphous silica-alumina above 350 °C also catalyzes ionic chlorination. The chlorination of methane over silicalite proceeds via the nonselective radical pathway at the investigated temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 25 (1994), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Methane ; chlorination ; solid superacids ; sulfated zirconia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Catalytic chlorination of methane was studied over SO 4 2− /ZrO2, Pt/SO 4 2− /ZrO2, and Fe/Mn/SO 4 2− /ZrO2 solid superacid catalysts. The reactions were carried out in a continuous flow reactor under atmospheric pressure, at temperatures below 240°C, with a gaseous hourly space velocity of 1000 ml/g h and a methane to chlorine ratio of 4 to 1. At 200°C with 30% chlorine converted the selectivity in methyl chloride exceeds 90%. At more elevated temperatures, the selectivity decreases but stays above 80% in methyl chloride at 225°C using the sulfated zirconia catalysts. The selectivity can be enhanced by adding platinum to sulfated zirconia catalysts. An iron and manganese-doped catalyst exhibited excellent selectivities at somewhat lower conversions. Methyl chloride is obtained at 235°C in selectivities greater than 85%. No chloroform or carbon tetrachloride is formed. The electrophilic insertion involves electron-deficient metal-coordinated chlorine into the methane C-H bond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Solid superacids ; Nafion-H catalyst ; 1,3,5-triarybenzenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nafion-H, a perfluorinated resinsulfonic acid, catalyzes condensation of acetophenones to provide 1,3,5-triarylbenzenes under relatively mild conditions. Reaction are clean, and water formed as by-product does not deactivate the catalyst. However, ortho-substituted
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Solid superacids ; Nafion-H catalyst ; trans-tert-butylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Convenient and high yield tert-butylation of aromatic compounds can be achieved by the Nafion-H, a superacidic perfluorinated resinsulfonic acid, catalyzed irreversible trans-tert-butylation from 2,6-ditert-butyl-p-cresol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Anchimerically assisted rearrangement, observed in the fluorination of some α-amino acids with 70 : 30 (w/w) hydrogen fluoride/pyridine (by weight) in the presence of NaNO2, is substantially or fully suppressed by using the less acidic reagent 48 : 52 (w/w) hydrogen fluoride/pyridine.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hexamethylbenzene and its derivatives undergo very clean regioselective dinitration to dinitroprehnitene (1, 2, 3, 4-tetramethyl-5, 6-dinitrobenzene) with excess of nitronium tetrafluoroborate in dry CH2C12 solution. The mechanism of this unexpected new nitration is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diazotization of α-amino acids in 48:52 (w/w) hydrogen fluoride/pyridine along with excess of potassium halide results in the corresponding α-halocarboxylic acids in good to excellent yields (Table 1 and 2).
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3926-3930 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Azidocarboxonium-IonenAroylazide werden in supersaurem Medium bei tiefer Temperatur (-78°C) ausschließlich am Carbonylsauerstoffatom protoniert, was zu den α-Azidocarboxonium-Ionen 2a-f führt. Die 1H-, 13C- und 15N-NMR-Spektren dieser Ionen deuten auf eine merkliche Ladungsdelokalisation in den Arylring und die Azidogruppe hin. Beim Erwärmen der Lösungen wurden diese Ionen irreversibel in Benzoylkationen umgewandelt unter Abspaltung von Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure, welche in protonierter Form beobachtet wurde.
    Notes: The protonation of aroyl azides in superacidic media at low temperature (-78°C) occurs exclusively on the carbonyl oxygen leading to α-azidocarboxonium ions 2a-f. The 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectra of these ions indicate significant charge delocalization into the aryl ring as well as into the azido group. Upon warming up the solution these ions were, irreversibly, converted into benzoyl cations by loss of hydrozoic acid which was observed as protonated species.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stable Carbocations, 245. α-Cyanocarboxonium IonsBased on our 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance study we were able for the first time to obtain α-cyanocarboxonium ions 2a-i through the protonation of α-ketonitriles 3a-i in superacidic media as stable, longlived cations. Our study confirms the strong, mesomeric stabilisation of these cations by aromatic and olefinic substituents as by the nitrile group too. A 15N-enriched ketonitrile 6 proves the nitrenium character of the cations with divalent, positive nitrogen.
    Notes: Aufgrund unserer 13C-NMR-Studie konnten wir erstmalig durch Protonierung von α-Ketonitrilen 3a-i in supersaurem Medium α-Cyancarboxonium-Ionen 2a-i als stabile, langlebige Ionen nachweisen. Unsere Studie bestätigt die starke Mesomeriestabilisierung der Ionen durch aromatische und olefinische Substituenten als auch durch die Nitrilgruppe. Ein 15N-angereichertes Ketonitril 6 belegt den Nitrenium-Charakter der Kationen mit divalentem, positivem Stickstoff.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1039-1064 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Funktion von Carbokationen bei der kationischen Polymerisation wird diskutiert, wobei unterschieden wird zwischen π- (d.h. Alkenen und Arenen), σ- (d.h. Alkanen) und n-Donator-Monomeren (d.h. Äthern, Sulfiden und Stickstoff-Verbindungen) als die reaktiven Nucleophile. Der Mechanismus der Initiierungsstufe bei der Alken-Polymerisation wird geprüft im Hinblick auf protische (d.h. einen Coinitiator enthaltende) und aprotische Systeme. So kann z. B. die durch Aluminiumbromid katalysierte Polymerisation von Isobutylen neben den konjugierten Protonsauren Zwischenprodukte der Bromalanat-Bildung im aprotischen Medium mit enthalten, die jedoch eine Eliminierung erleiden konnen unter Bildung von HBr im ursprunglich saurefreien System. Das Auftreten von Dialkylhalonium-Ionen in Halogenalkan-Lösungsmittelsystemen ist ebenfalls von wesentlichem Interesse und mag die in der Reihenfolge RJ〉RBr〉RCl zunehmende Desaktivierung erklären.Die oxidative Polykondensation von π-Donator-Arenen (wie Benzol) und σ-Donator-Alkanen (wie Methan) wird im Kontext des generellen Carbokation-Konzepts diskutiert unter Einbeziehung der trivalenten Carbeniumionen-Zwischenprodukte im ersten Fall und der pentakoordinierten Carboniumionen im letzteren Fall, da die reaktiven Alkylie-rungs-Agenzien für die ionischen Wachstumsreaktionen verantwortlich sind. n-Donator-Monomere wie Äther, Sulfide oder verschiedenartige Stickstoffverbindungen unterliegen der Polymerisation via nucleophilen Substitutionsreaktionen an carbokationischen Stellen intermediärer alkylierter oder protonierter Onium-Ionen.
    Notes: The rôle of carbocations in cationic polymerizations is discussed, differentiating σ- (i.e. alkene and arene), π- (i.e. alkane) and n-donor (i.e. ether, sulfide, nitrogen compound) monomers as the reactive nucleophiles. The mechanism of the initiation step in alkene polymerization is evaluated considering both protic (i.e. coinitiator containing) and aprotic systems. The aluminum bromide catalyzed polymerization of isobutylene, as an example, can involve besides the conjugate protic acid, bromoalanation intermediates in aprotic media, which, however, themselves rapidly can undergo elimination, forming HBr in the originally acid free system. The involvement of dialkylhalonium ions in alkyl halide solvent systems is also of substantial interest and may explain increasing deactivation in the order RI〉RBr〉RCl. Oxidative polycondensation of π-donor arenes (such as benzene) and σ-donor alkanes (such as methane) is discussed in the context of the general carbocation concept, involving trivalent carbenium ion intermediates in the former and pentacoordinated carbonium ions in the latter case, as the reactive alkylating agents responsible for the ionic propagation reactions. n-Donor monomers, such as ethers, sulfides or miscellaneous nitrogen compounds, undergo polymerization via nucleophilic displacement reactions on the polarized carbocationic sites of intermediate alkylated or protonated onium ions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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