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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Catechols ; Pyrogallols ; Lipid peroxidation ; Liver microsomes ; Carbon tetrachloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lipid peroxidation was induced in rat liver microsomes either by iron-ADP-complexes or by carbon tetrachloride in the presence of NADPH. Different compounds containing catechol or pyrogallol structures were examined for their activities to inhibit lipid peroxidation in both systems. In general, all compounds tested showed similar inhibitory activities on lipid peroxidation, if induced by ferrous ion-ADP-complexes or by carbon tetrachloride. This inhibition is explained by the suggestion that catechols and pyrogallos inhibit at the lipid site of the membrane, rather than at the enzymic site. Compounds not containing catechol or pyrogallol groups inhibited lipid peroxidation only weakly. O-Methylation resulted in a decrease of the inhibitory effect. Catecholor pyrogallol-derivatives which contained polar functional side chains, like carboxyl- or amino groups showed minor inhibitory effects compared to the esterified or N-alkylated compounds. Dihydroxychlorpromazine, 2-hydroxy-estradiol and 2-hydroxyethinylestradiol were the most effective inhbitors of microsomal lipid peroxidation (I50-values of 1×10−6 to 2×10−7 M). The inhibitory activity of α-tocopherol, glutathione and ascorbic acid, naturally occurring antioxidants, was about three orders of magnitude lower. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and iron-ADP-complexes in the presence of NADPH and liposomes was also observed with catechols. From our results we assume that the molecular structure of a catechol or pyrogallol functional group is a prequisite for an effective inhibition of lipid peroxidation by these chemicals. Furthermore, the results are discussed in relation to the requisite membrane affinity of catechols, pyrogallols and other antioxidants which might be used for inhibition studies on lipid peroxidation in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 49 (1982), S. 265-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Isolated hepatocytes ; Carbon tetrachloride ; Ferrous ions ; Lipid peroxidation ; Ethane ; n-Pentane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Isolated rat hepatocytes (1×107 cells/ml) were aerobically incubated in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium which contained 2.0% albumin. As potential parameters of lipid peroxidation ethane and n-pentane formed were measured in samples obtained from the gas phase above the incubation mixture. 15–30 nmol ethane or n-pentane were produced by 107 hepatocytes within 90 min. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or ADP-complexed ferrous ions stimulated ethane and n-pentane formation considerably, depending on the concentrations of the compounds. With CCl4 107 cells formed max 180 nmol ethane and 140 nmol n-pentane within 90 min incubation, whereas with Fe(II) max 130 nmol ethane and 220 nmol n-pentane could be detected. When n-pentane was added to the gas phase above the incubation mixture containing either medium or medium plus hepatocytes its amount decreased by 30% within the first 5 min of incubation. However, afterwards only minor amounts of n-pentane disappeared, even in the presence of hepatocytes. This indicates that n-pentane equilibrates with the cell suspension under the conditions used. Cell viability, as determined by the release of lactate dehydrogenase into the medium and by the uptake of trypan blue by the cells, and the recovery of the cells decreased only in presence of relatively high concentrations of CCl4, or Fe(II) respectively. However, a maximal effect on ethane and n-pentane formation was reached already with lower concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 153-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Vinylchloride ; 3-Bromophenyl-4(5)-imidazole ; 6-Nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole ; Inhibition of vinyl chloride metabolism ; Induction of vinyl chloride metabolism ; Vinylchlorid ; 3-Bromphenyl-4(5)-imidazol ; 6-Nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazol ; Induktion des Vinylchlorid-Stoffwechsels ; Hemmung des Vinylchlorid-Stoffwechsels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem geschlossenen System wurden Ratten initialen Konzentrationen an [1,2-14C] Vinylchlorid von unter 100 ppm ausgesetzt. Bei einer Besetzung des Systems durch 3 Ratten wurde in der Atmosphäre eine Halbwertszeit des gasförmigen Vinylchlorid von 1,13 ± 0,12 Std gemessen. Bei einem Volumen des Systems von 10,3 l ergab die Berechnung der Vinylchlorid Clearance, daß nur ca. 40% des von den Ratten eingeatmeten Vinylchlorid resorbiert wurde. Aus diesem Grunde führten Änderungen der Atemtätigkeit nicht zu Änderungen der Aufnahmegeschwindigkeit von Vinylchlorid. Durch sehr wirksame Inhibitoren von Cytochrom-P-450-abhängigen mikrosomalen Oxidationen (3-Bromphenyl-4(5)-imidazol und 6-Nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazol) konnte die Aufnahme von Vinylchlorid vollständig verhindert werden. SKF 525 A und 5,6-Dimethyl-1,2,3-benzothiadiazol waren in dieser Hinsicht weit weniger wirksam. Durch Vorbehandlung der Ratten mit DDT und, zum geringeren Maße, mit Clotrimazol wurde die Aufnahme von Vinylchlorid gesteigert. Keine signifikante Steigerung trat auf nach Vorbehandlung mit Phenobarbital, 3-Methylcholanthren, Rifampicin und nach chronischer Alkoholgabe. Unmittelbar nach Beendigung der Exposition wurden die höchsten Radioaktivitätswerte in Leber und Niere festgestellt. Die Metabolite von 14C-Vinylchlorid wurden sehr schnell ausgeschieden. Bereits nach 24 Std wurden im Urin 69,4±2,6% der inkorporierten Radioaktivität gemessen.
    Notes: Abstract Rats were exposed to [1,2-14C] vinyl chloride in a closed system at initial concentrations below 100 ppm. When the system was occupied by 3 rats, a half-life of vinyl chloride in the system's atmosphere of 1.13 ± 0.12 h was observed. The volume of the system was 10.3 l. Calculation of the clearance of vinyl chloride from the system revealed that about 40% of inspired vinyl chloride is absorbed by lung. Therefore, changes in respiration did not influence uptake of vinyl chloride. Uptake of vinyl chloride by the rats was completely blocked by acute pretreatment with potent inhibitors of cytochrome-P-450-dependent microsomal drug metabolism (i.e., by 35 mg/kg 3-bromophenyl-4(5)-imidazole or 50 mg/kg 6-nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole in 0.6 ml/kg DMSO). A weaker inhibition was observed after dosing SKF 525 A or 5,6-dimethyl-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole (50 mg/kg in 0.6 ml/kg DMSO). Metyrapone did not cause inhibition. Uptake of vinyl chloride was increased by pretreatment with DDT and, to a lesser extent, with clotrimazol. No significant stimulation of uptake was observed after pretreatment with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, rifampicin, or chronic ethanol treatment. Immediately after exposure, highest radioactivity levels were observed in liver and kidney. The radioactive metabolites of 14C-vinyl chloride were rapidly excreted, largely by the kidneys. Excretion of radioactivity in the urine was 69.4 ± 2.6% within 24 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 39 (1977), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Vinyl chloride ; Distribution in organs ; Inhibiton of vinyl chloride metabolism ; Vinylchlorid ; Gewebsverteilung ; Inhibition des Vinylchlorid-Stoffwechsels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wird Vinylchlorid aus der Atmosphere eingeatmet, so stellt sich ein Gleichgewicht zwischen dem Vinylchlorid in der Luft und dem Organismus ein. In erster Linie reichert sich nicht metabolisiertes Vinylchlorid im Fettgewebe an. Für dieses Verteilungsverhalten dürfte die Lipophilie des Vinylchlorid Ausschlag gebend sein. Das Konzentrationsverhältnis von Vinylchlorid in einzelnen Organen bleibt über den gesamten untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich von 25 his 10.000 ppm Vinylchlorid in der Expositionsatmosphäre konstant. Aus dem Gleichgewicht wird Vinylchlorid dem Metabolismus zugeführt. Metabolite reichern sich, im Gegensatz zum unveränderten Vinylchlorid, vor allem in Leber und Niere an.
    Notes: Summary Rats have been pretieatet with 6-nitro-1.2.3-benzothiadiazole which completely blocks metabolism of vinyl chloride. If the animals are exposed to atmospheric vinyl chloride, formation of an equilibrium between the compound in the gas phase and in the animal's orgnism is observed. Unmetabolized vinyl chloride is concentrated in adipose tissue. The distribution pattern of vinyl chloride in different organs of the rat is constant over the concentration range of 25–10,000 ppm of vinyl chloride in the exposure atmosphere. Distribution of metabolites of vinyl chloride contrasts to that of the original compound; metabolites primarily are concentrated in liver and in kidneys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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