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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8)
  • Cardiac myocyte  (2)
  • Ventricle  (2)
  • complexes  (2)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium transients which accompany the activation of sodium current in rat ventricular myocytes at 37°C: a trigger role for reverse Na-Ca exchange activated by membrane potential? (1995)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 430 (1995), S. 887-893 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Sodium current ; Na-Ca exchange ; Excitation-contraction coupling ; Cardiac myocyte ; Calcium transient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the role of the fast sodium current (I Na) in triggering Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), using adult rat left ventricular myocytes, loaded with Fura-2 to measure intracellular Ca (Cai), which were whole-cell patch-clamped at 35–37°C. Before each test pulse, a series of 400-ms conditioning pulses to +10 mV were applied to establish a constant level of SR Ca load. Pulses were applied every 15 s. A test pulse from −80 mV to −50 mV elicited a rapidI Na and a phasic Cai transient. When the solution perfusing a myocyte was rapidly switched for 15 s before a test pulse to one containing the L-type Ca channel blocker nifedipine (20 μM), the test pulse still activatedI Na and a phasic Cai transient, the amplitude of which was not significantly different from control (P〉0.05;t-test). When a rapid switch to 20 μM nifedipine plus 30 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX) was made 15 s before a test pulse, bothI Na and the Cai transient were completely abolished (n=6). When a switch was made to Na-free (Li) solution, which contained 20 μM nifedipine to block L-type Ca current,I Ca,L, there was no significant difference in the Cai transient amplitude from that of control (P〉0.05;n=6). Brief depolarising test pulses (−80 mV to +20 mV, 10 ms duration) to simulate membrane potential escape also elicited a Cai transient which attained 90.0% (±2.8%;n=7) of the Cai transient activated by a conditioning pulse to +10 mV. The Cai transient with a brief pulse was not significantly affected by application of 20 μM nifedipine (P〉0.05), but adding TTX with nifedipine reduced the Cai transient amplitude to 76.9% (±6.8%;P〈0.02;n=8). In four cells, the Cai transient remaining in the presence of nifedipine plus TTX was abolished by adding 5 mM Ni. These data are consistent with “voltage escape” during activation ofI Na leading to a trigger Ca entry via a mechanism other than L-type Ca channels or subsarcolemmal Na accumulation with reverse Na-Ca exchange. The block by Ni of the Cai transient suggests that a brief membrane potential escape might directly activate reverse mode Na-Ca exchange to trigger SR release, and this mechanism would seem to account largely for the Cai transient which accompaniesI Na in rat myocytes, under these experimental recording conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01837401
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of the delayed rectifier K current compared in myocytes isolated from the atrioventricular node and ventricle of the rabbit heart (1996)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 431 (1996), S. 713-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Atrioventricular node ; Myocyte ; Ventricle ; Delayed rectifier potassium current (I k) ; E-4031
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The delayed rectifier potassium current (I K) is known to be important in action potential repolarisation and may contribute to the diastolic pacemaker depolarisation in pacemaker cells from the heart. In this study, using whole-cell patch clamp, we investigated the characteristics ofI K in morphologically normal cells from the atrioventricular node (AVN) and ventricle of the rabbit heart. Cells were held at −40 mV and 5 μM external nifedipine was used to block L-type calcium current (I Ca,L). SignificantI K was observed with pulses to potentials more positive than −30 mV. The steady-state activation curve in both cell types showed maximal activation at between + 10 and + 20 mV. Half-maximal activation ofI K occurred at −4.9 and −4.1 mV with slope factors of 8.3 and 12.4 mV in ventricular and AVN cells, respectively. Using pulses of increasing duration, significantI K tails after repolarisation from + 40 mV were observed with pulses of 20 ms and increased with pulses up to 100–120 ms in both cell types. Pulses of longer duration did not activate furtherI K and this suggested that only the rapid component ofI K, calledI Kr, was present in either cell type. Moreover,I K tails after pulses to all potentials were blocked completely by E-4031, a selective blocker ofI Kr. The reversal potential ofI K varied with the concentration of external K. Superfusion of AVN cells with medium containing 4, 15 and 40 mM [K+]o resulted in reversal potentials of −81, −56 and −32 mV respectively, which are close to values predicted if theI K channel were highly selective for K. The time constants for deactivation ofI K in ventricle and AVN on return to −40 mV after a 500-ms activating pulse to + 60 mV were 480 ms and 230 ms, respectively. The faster deactivation ofI K in AVN cells was a distinguishing feature and suggests that there may be differences in theI Kr channel protein between ventricular and AVN cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253834
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Voltage dependence of the Fura-2 transient in rabbit left atrial myocytes at 37°C (1997)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 433 (1997), S. 817-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Excitation ; contraction coupling ; Na-Ca exchange ; Calcium transient ; Atrial myocyte ; Cardiac myocyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and monitoring of Fura-2 fluorescence to investigate the voltage dependence of the L-type Ca current (I Ca,L) and intracellular Ca (Cai) transient in rabbit atrial myocytes at 37°C. Imaging the atrial cell membrane with Di-4-ANNEPS showed (in contrast to ventricular cells) that atrial cells had very few transverse tubules. We measured I Ca,L using a Cs-based internal dialysis solution to eliminate interfering K currents. The voltage dependence of peak I Ca,L amplitude was bell-shaped: I Ca,L was maximal at +10 mV and declined at more negative and positive potentials. For measuring the Fura-2 (Cai) transient, we used a K-based internal dialysis solution to preserve normal excitation–contraction coupling. Ryanodine (20 μM) plus thapsigargin (2 μM) (blockers of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, SR) abolished the phasic component of the Fura-2 transient (n = 5), demonstrating that the phasic Fura-2 transient provided an index of the magnitude of SR release. The Fura-2 transient also showed bell-shaped voltage dependence, but this was different from that for I Ca,L. The Fura-2 transient peaked at +30 mV and partially declined at more positive potentials; but at potentials where inward I Ca,L was small (if not absent), the phasic Fura-2 transient still attained a significant amplitude. We used a rapid application of nifedipine (32 μM), and of nifedipine plus 5 mM Ni, to assess the ability of I Ca,L and reverse-mode Na-Ca exchange to trigger SR Ca release. With test pulses to +10 mV and +60 mV, a rapid switch to nifedipine (which blocked I Ca,L) produced no significant reduction in phasic Fura-2 transient amplitude. This suggests that in the absence of I Ca,L, another mechanism was able to trigger SR release. With pulses to +10 and +60 mV, a single beat switch to nifedipine plus 5 mM Ni almost completely abolished the phasic transient. Since 5 mM Ni inhibits Na-Ca exchange, this suggests that, in the absence of I Ca,L, trigger Ca entry via reverse Na-Ca exchange was able to activate SR Ca release in atrial cells at 37°C. The mechanisms underlying the Fura-2 transient in atrial cells, and differences with pre-existing data from rabbit ventricular cells, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240050350
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of the delayed rectifier K current compared in myocytes isolated from the atrioventricular node and ventricle of the rabbit heart (1996)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 431 (1996), S. 713-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Atrioventricular node ; Myocyte ; Ventricle ; Delayed rectifier potassium current (Ik) ; E-4031
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The delayed rectifier potassium current (I K) is known to be important in action potential repolarisation and may contribute to the diastolic pacemaker depolarisation in pacemaker cells from the heart. In this study, using whole-cell patch clamp, we investigated the characteristics of I K in morphologically normal cells from the atrioventricular node (AVN) and ventricle of the rabbit heart. Cells were held at −40 mV and 5 μM external nifedipine was used to block L-type calcium current (I Ca,L). Significant I K was observed with pulses to potentials more positive than −30 mV. The steady-state activation curve in both cell types showed maximal activation at between + 10 and + 20 mV. Half-maximal activation of I K occurred at −4.9 and −4.1 mV with slope factors of 8.3 and 12.4 mV in ventricular and AVN cells, respectively. Using pulses of increasing duration, significant I K tails after repolarisation from + 40 mV were observed with pulses of 20 ms and increased with pulses up to 100–120 ms in both cell types. Pulses of longer duration did not activate further I K and this suggested that only the rapid component of I K, called I Kr, was present in either cell type. Moreover, I K tails after pulses to all potentials were blocked completely by E-4031, a selective blocker of I Kr. The reversal potential of I K varied with the concentration of external K. Superfusion of AVN cells with medium containing 4, 15 and 40 mM [K+]o resulted in reversal potentials of −81, −56 and −32 mV, respectively, which are close to values predicted if the I K channel were highly selective for K. The time constants for deactivation of I K in ventricle and AVN on return to −40 mV after a 500-ms activating pulse to + 60 mV were 480 ms and 230 ms, respectively. The faster deactivation of I K in AVN cells was a distinguishing feature and suggests that there may be differences in the I Kr channel protein between ventricular and AVN cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240050056
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal, spectral and magnetic studies ofp-tolylacetic acid compounds of cobalt, nickel and copper (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 46 (1996), S. 1577-1582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The preparation and some properties of complexes ofp-tolylacetic acid with cobalt, nickel and copper are described. Magnetic measurements, electronic and far infrared spectra show that the metal complexes have octahedral structures. Infrared spectra indicate that coordination takes place through the carboxyl group to the metal ions and that the water molecule in each of the complexes is present as water of crystallisation. Thermogravimetry studies also show that the water molecules in each of the complexes do not form a coordinate bond with the metal ion. Differential thermal analysis show that the dehydration processes are accompanied by endothermic reactions. In each case the anhydrous metal complex undergoes an exothermic reaction to give the metal oxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01980763
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal, structural and electrical properties (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 46 (1996), S. 1193-1200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: complexes ; electrical properties ; structural properties ; thermal properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chloro compound of 3-hydroxy-2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid with nickel(II) has been prepared in ethanolic solution from which a solid compound was isolated. Spectral and magnetic measurements show that the nickel ions are in an octahedral environment. Thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and electrical conductivity data are reported for 3-hydroxy-2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid and its nickel complex. The conductivity measurements indicate that electron/hole traps are emptied during heating of the complex but repopulation occurs in about 24 h at room temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01979234
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Block copolymers by metathesis polymerisation (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 186 (1985), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A transformation reaction from anionic to metathesis was used to prepare block copolymers of styrene and cyclopentene. The composition of the products was established by elemental and UV analysis. A mechanism for the formation of the propagating centre in the olefin metathesis reaction was postulated that will account for the incorporation of the alkyl group of the cocatalyst in the first formed metal carbene.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.021860211
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies in ring-opening polymerization. The kinetics of the reactions between tungsten hexachloride and cyclopentene: A study of the metathesis initiation reaction (1987)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 188 (1987), S. 2121-2139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The complex series of reactions that takes place between WCl6 and cyclopentene was studied spectroscopically. The products of reaction remain soluble when chlorobenzene is used as solvent. A number of intermediates was observed and the kinetics of formation and removal of these was studied in detail. A complex series of reactions was postulated to account for these changes and the significance of each reaction to the overall scheme was determined by computer simulation of the changes that occur. One of the products has particular significance in the scheme of reactions since it is believed that this species is eventually responsible for the monometallic initiation of the polymerization of cyclopentene. The reaction was also studied gas chromatographically when it was shown that the reaction is accompanied by the formation of a complex mixture of products. One of these products was shown to have the mass spectrum that would be expected of 3-chlorocyclopentene and a reaction scheme that would account for its formation is postulated. The reactions involved in the generation of centres active towards the formation of polypentenamer were considered for both monometallic and bimetallic (WCl6/AlR3) catalyst.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1987.021880910
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies in electroactive polymers, 2Part 1: cf.13. Soluble polyacetylene: A new synthetic route (1987)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 188 (1987), S. 1635-1639 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyacetylene-block-polystyrene was synthesized via an anionic-to-metathesis catalysis. The polymers obtained were characterized by UV/visible spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1987.021880710
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies in ring-opening polymerisation, 10.Part 9: cf. A. J. Amass, A. Dale, B. J. Tighe, Makromol. Chem. 189, 515 (1988). Pyridine-initiated polymerisation of cyclic anhydrocarboxylates of α-mercapto acids (1990)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 191 (1990), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the pyridine-initiated polymerisation of simple 1,3-oxathiolan-2,5-diones (3a-c) in nitrobenzene was studied at various temperatures. Results show that, although the substituents in 4-position have a marked effect on rate of polymerisation, the polymerisation of the three monomers studied is linked by a common mechanism. Thus, the pyridine, nucleophile attacks the carbonyl in 5-position and forms a charge transfer complex which decomposes to form a highly reactive α-thiolactone intermediate 8 together with carbon dioxide and pyridine. Chain addition continues by the direct attack on the thiolactone by the terminal-SH group of traces of parent acid. The reaction of each of the three monomers with pyridine was found to show first order kinetic dependence on both monomer and pyridine, although the initiator (i.e. pyridine) is not consumed. The resultant polymers (molecular weight typically around 20000) are highly crystalline and relatively insoluble in common organic solvents.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1990.021910116
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