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  • Chemistry  (492)
  • General Chemistry  (115)
  • Catecholamines  (5)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (5)
  • Exercise  (5)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Physical training ; Catecholamines ; Isoproterenolstimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six marathon runners (T; VO2max 65.7±2.0 ml/kg·min) and 6 sports students (S; VO2max 54.0±2.6 ml/kg·min) were investigated during training specific exercise (graded treadmill ergometric test; TE), non-training specific exercise (graded bicycle ergometric test supine, BE), and following isoproterenol stimulation (2 and 4 µg/min). DuringTE, dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), lactate, heart rate, and oxygen uptake were determined. Measurements of DA, NA, A, lactate, heart rate, stroke volume (two dimensions echocardiographic system), and cardiac output were made duringBE. During isoproterenol stimulation, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, as well as glucose, lactate, free fatty acids, and glycerol responses in the blood were measured. NA, A (less significant), lactate, heart rate were significantly lower in T than in S at identical, absolute, submaximal exercise level duringTE. The individuall submaximal NA (r=−0.78), A (r=0.63), lactate (r=0.78), and heart rate responses (r=−0.82) correlated inversely with the VO2max. DuringBE, these training dependent effects werenot well defined, except for the heart rate (significantly lower in T), and stroke volume (significantly higher in T at the 100 watt level). DA did not show significant training related differences during TE or BE. In the isoproterenol stimulation test, stroke volume, glucose, and free fatty acids levels increase significantly more in T than in S. The individual stroke volume increase correlated with the VO2max (r=0.75). The results may be indicative at the one hand of a training dependent reduction of sympathetic activity, and on the other hand of a training related increase of sensitivity for sympathetic stimulation.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Exercise ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; abdominal fat ; blood pressure ; heart rate ; cholesterol ; high-density lipoprotein ; high-density lipoprotein-2 ; high-density lipoprotein-3 ; triglycerides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Glycaemic control alone is often insufficient to control diabetic dyslipidaemia and other cardiovascular risk factors associated with NIDDM. The present trial was designed to evaluate the effects of physical activity as an adjunct to standard diabetes therapy on the lipid profile, blood pressure, glycaemic control, weight and body fat. Sixteen well-controlled (HbA1c 7.5%) patients with NIDDM participated in a regular aerobic exercise training programme at 50–70% maximal effort over 3 months. Thirteen age- and sex-matched patients with NIDDM served as a control group. The 3-month intervention with an increase in physical activity from 92 (mean ± SD) ±79 to 246±112 min per week (p〈0.001) by means of a structured activity programme resulted in significant improvement of plasma lipids with a 20% decrease in triglycerides (p〈0.05), unchanged total cholesterol and increases in high-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein-3 subfraction of 23% (p〈0.001) and 26% (p〈0.001), respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly from 138±16 to 130±17 mm Hg (p〈0.05) and 88±10 to 80±10 mmHg (p〈0.001), respectively. Resting heart rate decreased from 81±13 to 74±14 beats per minute (p〈0.001), waist-hip circumference ratio decreased from 0.96±0.11 to 0.92±0.10 (p〈0.001) and body fat decreased from 35.3±7.2 to 33.0±8.0% (p〈0.001). These effects occurred independently of changes in body weight and glycaemic control, which did not change during the study. This study shows that improvement in physical fitness by introducing regular physical exercise as part of the treatment programme in patients with NIDDM results in a significant amelioration of their cardiovascular risk profile.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 52 (1983), S. 301-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Plasma catecholamines ; Exercise ; Plasmakatecholamine ; Körperarbeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Neun Probanden absolvierten 2 unterschiedliche, stufenweise Fahrrad-Ergometerbelastungen im Sitzen. Test 1 begann mit 50 Watt und wurde nach 3 min um 50 Watt als Modell einermetabolisch-kardialen Ausbelastung gesteigert. Test 2 begann mit 100 Watt and wurde nach je 15 min um 50 Watt als Modell einerperipher-muskulären Ausbelastung gesteigert. Ermittelt wurden Plasmakatecholamine, Laktat- und Glukosespiegel, Herzfrequenz und O2-Aufnahme. Folgende Resultate (Mittelwerte) wurden bei Ausbelastung beobachtet. Belastung 305 (Test 1) and 233 Watt (Test 2), Arbeitszeit 17,5 min (1) and 51 min (2), Herzfrequenz 185 min−1 (1) and 175 min−1 (2), Noradrenalin 30,7 (1) and 11,0 (2), Adrenalin 6,9 (1) and 2,0 nmol · l−1 (2), Laktat 9,2 (1) and 6,6 (2), Glukose 5,6 (1) and 4,7 mmol · 1−1 (2). Hochintensive dynamische Körperarbeit (Test 1) geht mit mehrfach höherer Plasmakatecholaminkonzentration und Laktatazidose (Arbeitsazidose) einher als ausdauernde, peripher-muskulär limitierte Körperarbeit (Test 2); dies läßt einen erhöhten kardiovaskulären and metabolischen Stress erwarten. Oberhalb 30% VO2 max ist mit Nor- and Adrenalinanstieg zu rechnen; unterhalb 50–70% VO2 max wird Steady-state-Verhalten, darüber Unsteady-state-Verhalten beobachtet. Dopamin zeigt keine deutliche Zeit- and Belastungsabhängigkeit während Körperarbeit. Nor- and Adrenalin folgen derselben initialen Plasmaeliminationskinetik 1. Ordnung (e −0,048).
    Notes: Summary Nine healthy subjects performed 2 different graded bicycle ergometric tests. The 1st test started with 50 watt and was increased 50 watt after 3 min till exhaustion as a model of a metabolic and cardiac exhaustion. The 2nd test started with 100 watt and was increased 50 watt after 15 min till exhaustion as a model of a peripheral-muscular exhaustion. The behaviour of plasma catecholamines, lactate and glucose levels, heart rate and oxygen intake was examined. The results were as following: Performance ability 305 (test 1) and 233 watt (test 2; mean values), work time 17.5 min (1) and 51 min (2), heart rate 185 min−1 (1) and 175 min−1 (2), noradrenaline 30.7 nmol/l (1) and 11.0 nmol/1 (2), adrenaline 6.9 nmol/l (1) and 2 nmol/1(2), lactate 9.2 (1) and 6.6 mmol/l (2), glucose 5.6 mmol/l (1) and 4.7 mmol/l (2). During highly intensive dynamic exercise (test 1), three times higher catecholamine and 50% higher lactate responses were observed, than during peripheral-muscular limited endurance exercise (test 2). Above an exercise level of more than 30% VO2 max., nor- and adrenaline increased significantly. Below 50–70% VO2 max. steady-state-behaviour occurred. Above this range unsteadystate-behaviour of plasma catecholamines was observed. Dopamine did not show any significant time and intensity dependent increase. Noradrenaline and adrenaline followed the same initial 1st order elimination kinetic.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 47 (1981), S. 301-311 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Plasmacatecholamines ; Lactate ; Boys ; Exercise ; Ergometrie ; Knaben ; Plasmacatecholamine ; Lactat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Adrenalin, Noradrenalin, Lactat und Glucose im Blut sowie die Herzfrequenz und Sauerstoffaufnahme wurden wÄhrend einer ansteigenden Laufbandergometrie bei acht Knaben (12,9±0,8 Jahre) und sieben Erwachsenen (27,8±2,9 Jahre) bestimmt. In Ruhe ist Noradrenalin bei den Erwachsenen signifikant höher, Adrenalin, Lactat, Glucose, die Herzfrequenz und relative Sauerstoffaufnahme zeigen keine altersabhÄngigen Unterschiede. Auf gleichen submaximalen Stufen sind Adrenalin (+90–180%), Noradrenalin (+28–77%) und die Herzfrequenz bei den Knaben, entsprechend der stÄrkeren Beanspruchung, signifikant höher, Glucose, Lactat und die relative Sauerstoffaufnahme unterscheiden sich nicht. WÄhrend maximaler Ergometerarbeit zeigen Adrenalin, die relative Sauerstoffaufnahme und der Glucosespiegel keinen Unterschied, Noradrenalin (−30%) und Lactat (−25%) sind bei den Knaben signifikant niedriger, die Herzfrequenz 4% höher. Zwischen dem Lactat- und Catecholaminspiegel besteht ein gleichsinniges Verhalten (r=0,92 und 0,87), das keine altersabhÄngige Änderung bis zur vierten Lebensdekade erfÄhrt, jedoch bei höhergradigen „anaeroben” Beanspruchungen eine zunehmende UnschÄrfe erfÄhrt. Die maximale Catecholamin- (Adrenalin und Noradrenalin) und Lactatkonzentration ist bei den Knaben 25% geringer; eine Bedeutung des verminderten maximalen sympathischen Antriebes für die im gleichen Umfang verminderte anaerobe KapazitÄt wird angenommen. Das wÄhrend Körperarbeit konstante VerhÄltnis Adrenalin zu Noradrenalin (r=0,90 und 0,85), das ebenfalls eine zunehmende UnschÄrfe bei sub- bis maximaler Belastung zeigt, Ändert sich bei jüngeren Erwachsenen (1∶5,5) gegenüber den Knaben (1∶3,5) (p〈0.001) durch eine vermehrte Noradrenalinfrei-setzung in Ruhe, auf submaximalen Stufen und wÄhrend maximaler Ergometerarbeit, die als Ursache eines altersabhÄngigen negativ chronotropen Effektes angesehen wird.
    Notes: Summary Adrenaline, noradrenaline, lactate and glucose levels in the blood, together with the heart rate and oxygen intake were examined in eight boys (12.8±0.8 years) and seven adults (27.8±2.9 years) during a graduated treadmill exercise. At rest, noradrenaline is higher in the adults, while adrenaline, lactate, glucose, heart rate and relative oxygen intake show no differences between the groups. At the same exercise levels, adrenaline (+90–180%), noradrenaline (+28–77%) and the heart rate are higher in boys, corresponding to a higher relative exercise load, and glucose, lactate and the relative oxygen intake show no differences. During maximum treadmill exercise adrenaline, glucose and the relative oxygen intake show no differences between the groups, whereas the noradrenaline (−30%) and lactate levels (−25%) are lower and the heart rate is 4% higher in the boys. There is an identical increase in lactate and catecholamine levels (r=0.92 and 0.87) with a lower correlation with high intensity “anaerobic” physical exercise, which shows no age dependent difference until about the age of 40. The maximum catecholamine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) and lactate concentration is 25% lower in the boys; an indication of reduced maximum sympathetic activity and reduced maximum anaerobic capacity is seen. The constant relationship between adrenaline and noradrenaline during physical work (r=0.90 and 0.85), also with a lower correlation at high intensiv physical exercise, changes from 1∶3.5 (boys) to 1∶5.5 (adults) (p〈0.001), based on higher noradrenaline levels in the adults at rest, at submaximum exercise levels and during maximum ergometric work; these changes are seen to be the cause of an age dependent negative chronotropic effect.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 54 (1985), S. 502-505 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Capillary blood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Levels of free plasma catecholamines were simultaneously determined in 10 cyclists using capillary blood from one ear lobe and venous blood from one cubital vein. Catecholamine concentrations were higher in the ear lobe blood than in the venous blood at rest and during graded exercise. Average differences amounted to 1.7 nmol · l−1 (dopamine), 2.1 nmol · l−1 (noradrenaline) and 1.9 nmol · l−1 (adrenaline) at rest and increased only to 8.8 nmol · l−1 for noradrenaline during exercise. We assume that higher concentrations of dopamine and adrenaline in the capillary blood point to a significant neuronal release of these catecholamines, similar to noradrenaline. Catecholamine concentrations in capillary blood may better reflect sympathetic drive and delivery of catecholamines to the circulation than the concentrations in venous blood.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 55 (1986), S. 302-306 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Age ; Exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Age-associated plasma catecholamine responses were evaluated in 10 young (25±3 years) and 11 older competition cyclists (66.2±6 years) during incremental ergometric cycling. Noradrenaline levels were higher in the older subjects at rest, at identical work loads and at exhaustion. Adrenaline levels were similar in both groups at rest, higher in the old test subjects at identical work loads and lower in the old subjects at exhaustion. The noradrenaline-adrenaline ratio changed significantly depending on age from 5.1±0.5 to 8.7±2.1 which indicated higher adrenaline-related noradrenaline responses. The observed age-related differences may be caused by a compensatory mechanism which depends both on negatively age-correlated physical fitness, and on the decreased sensitivity of the organism to beta-adrenergic stimulation with age, as well as on an age-dependent change in the clearance of catecholamines from the circulation as described by Esler et al. (1981).
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 55 (1986), S. 54-58 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Men ; Women ; Catecholamines ; Exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sex-related differences of catecholamine responses were evaluated in nine healthy women and six age-matched men at rest and during incremental treadmill erxercise. Heart rate, oxygen uptake ( $$V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ ), glucose and lactate blood levels as well as the free plasma catecholamines, noradrenaline and adrenaline, were determined. No significant differences were observed for these parameters between the two groups at rest. The females had relative $$V_{O_{2{\text{max}}} } $$ and maximal running velocities similar to the males, which points to a comparable dynamic performance ability. However, at identical work loads, noradrenaline, adrenaline and glucose levels were significantly higher in women than in men. Lactate, heart rate and relative $$V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ showed a similar tendency at submaximal exercise levels, indicating higher strain at identical stress levels in women. The reason for the higher sympathetic activity in women at identical work loads may be their relatively smaller skeletal muscle mass in relation to the loads during this test.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Training ; Overtraining ; Catecholamines ; Lipids ; Energy metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of an increase in training volume (ITV; February 1989) vs intensity (ITI; February 1990) on performance, catecholamines, energy metabolism and serum lipids was examined in two studies on eight, and nine experienced middle- or long-distance runners; seven participated in both studies. During ITV, mean training volume was doubled from 85.9 km · week−1 (pretrial phase) to 174.6 km within 3 weeks. Some 96%–98% of the training was performed at 67 (SD 8)% of maximal performance. During ITI, speed-endurance, high-speed and interval runs increased within 3 weeks from 9 km · week−1 (pretrial phase) to 22.7 km · week−1 and the total training distance from 61.6 to 84.7 km · week−1. The ITV resulted in stagnation of running velocity at 4 mmol lactate concentration and a decrease in total running distance in the increment test. Heart rate, energy metabolic parameters, nocturnal urinary catecholamine excretion, low density, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations decreased significantly; the exercise-related catecholamine plasma concentrations increased at an identical exercise intensity. The ITI produced an improvement in running velocity at 4 mmol lactate concentration and in total running distance in the increment test; heart rate, energy metabolic parameters, nocturnal catecholamine excretion, and serum lipids remained nearly constant, and the exercise-related plasma catecholamine concentrations decreased at an identical exercise intensity. The ITV-related changes in metabolism and catecholamines may have indicated an exhaustion syndrome in the majority of the athletes examined but this hypothesis has to be proven by future experimental studies.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Natural hail impact tests are scarcely available because hailstorms are limited to a small area and cannot be predicted regarding time, place and intensity. Therefore we relied on laboratory tests simulating natural hailstones by polyamide balls (5-50 mm dia.) whose final velocity could be varied according to meteorological data. So the influence of diameter (weight) and velocity of the artificial hailstones could be taken into consideration independently.The energy of damage or equivalent natural hailstone diameter were determined for 16 mm double skin sheet from PMMA as 0.2 J (14 mm dia.) for star shaped cracks and 2 J (26 mm dia.) for holes. These values do not significantly decrease after 10 years weathering. 10 mm double skin sheets from PC show an extremly high energy of damage of abt. 10 J (38 mm dia.) which decreases to a medium level of 2 J (26 mm dia.) after several years weathering. This decrease is remarkably reduced by weather resistant protective coating.As hailstorms consist to more than 80% of hailstones below 10 mm dia. (0.04 J) the mentioned sheet materials are quite hail resistant also after long weathering periods, but they cannot withstand an extreme hail catastrophe as in Munich July 12, 1984.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 226 (1995), S. 71-87 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The copolymerization of acrylonitrile with maleic anhydride was investigated to synthesize acylic reactive polymers for manufacture of membranes that serve as support for covalent enzyme immobilization. The free-radical copolymer synthesis was carried out in solution (N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAC), γ-butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate), by precipitation polymerization (dioxane) as well as bulk polymerization. The polymers were characterized using IR spectroscopy, elementary analysis, NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, viscosity measurements, osmometry and potentiometry.The kinetic parameters were followed by dilatometric measurements up to high conversions. The anhydride content in the monomer mixtures showed a significant influence on the rate of polymerization and the molecular weight. With raised concentration of anhydride the polymerization rate and molecular weights decreased. Film forming polymers (M̄η 〉 30 000 g/mol) can be obtained by all copolymerization procedures with exception of solution polymerization in DMF and DMAC, respectively. The content of maleic anhydride in the membrane polymers did not exceed 5 mol-%, even though the maleic anhydride content in the monomer mixtures was raised up to the equimolar mixture. Nevertheless, such low maleic anhydride content of prepared membranes is enough for successful enzyme immobilization with amyloglucosidase (copolymer was prepared in γ-butyrolactone, M̄η = 49 000 g/mol, cPMSA = 0,3 mol-%).
    Notes: Die Copolymerisation des Acrylnitrils mit Maleinsäureanhydrid (MSA) wurde mit dem Ziel untersucht, acylfunktionalisierte Reaktivpolymere mit Filmbildungseigenschaften herzustellen, um diese in der Anwendung als Membran für kovalente Enzymfixierungen zu nutzen. Die radikalinitiierte Synthese der Copolymeren wurde in Lösung (Dimethylformamid (DMF), Dimethylacetamid (DMAC), γ-Butyrolacton, Ethylencarbonat), durch Fällungscopolymerisation (Dioxan) sowie in Substanz durchgeführt.Die Polymercharakterisierung erfolgte durch IR-Spektroskopie, Elementaranalyse, Kernresonanzspektroskopie, Gelpermeationschromatographie, Viskosimetrie, Osmometrie und Potentiometrie.Die Kinetik wurde durch dilatometrische Untersuchungen bis zu hohen Umsätzen verfolgt. Danach weist der Anhydridgehalt im Monomergemisch einen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Bruttopolymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und die Molmasse der Polymeren auf. Mit steigendem Anhydridanteil wird die Bruttopolymerisationsgeschwindigkeit herabgesetzt und eine Verringerung der Molmasse herbeigeführt. Die Copolymerisation von Acrylnitril und Maleinsäureanhydrid führt mit Ausnahme der Lösungspolymerisation in DMF bzw. DMAC zu Polymeren mit Molmassen oberhalb 30 000 g/mol, was ihre Anwendung als Membran ermöglicht. Die Einbaurate an Maleinsäureanhydrid in den Membranpolymeren ist bis einschließlich einer äquimolaren Zusammensetzung des Monomergemischs nicht größer als 5 mol-%. Derartig niedrige MSA-Reaktivgruppenanteile erweisen sich jedoch als ausreichend, um an einer aus einem Lösungspolymerisat (γ-Butyrolacton, M̄η = 49 000 g/mol, cPMSA = 0,3 mol-%) formierten Membran eine Enzymimmobilisierung mit Amyloglucosidase nachzuweisen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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