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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The abolition of the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) by amphetamine (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 318-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: dl-Amphetamine ; Continuous reinforcement ; Partial reinforcement ; Resistance to extinction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of amphetamine administration on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) at one trial a day, were examined. Two groups of rats were trained to run in a straight alley. The continuously reinforced (CRF) group received food reward on every trial. The partially reinforced (PRF) group was rewarded on a quasirandom 50% schedule. All animals were then tested inextinction. dl-Amphetamine 1.5 mg/kg was administered in a 2×2 design, i.e., drug-no drug in acquisition and drug-no drug in extinction. The PREE, i.e., increased resistance to extinction exhibited by PRF animals as compared to CRF animals, was obtained in animals that received saline in acquisition, independently of drug treatment in extinction. In contrast, amphetamine administered in acquisition abolished the PREE irrespective of drug treatment in extinction. In addition, amphetamine administered in extinction alone increased resistance to extinction in PRF animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432221
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of clonidine on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Clonidine ; Continuous reinforcement ; Partial reinforcement ; Resistance to extinction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clonidine has been reported to exert anti-anxiety effects in animals and man similar to those of benzodiazepines. The present experiment examined the effects of clonidine administration on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) which is known to be sensitive to benzodiazepine action. Two groups of rats were trained to run in a straight alley. The continuously reinforced (CRF) group received food reward on every trial. The partially reinforced (PRF) group was rewarded on a quasi-random 50% schedule. All animals were then tested in extinction. Clonidine 50 μg/kg was administered in a 2×2 design, i.e., drug-no drug in acquisition and drug-no drug in extinction. The PREE, i.e., increased resistance to extinction exhibited by PRF animals as compared to CRF animals, was obtained in animals that received saline in acquisition, independently of drug treatment in extinction, as well as in animals that received clonidine in both acquisition and extinction, but not in animals that received clonidine in acquisition alone. The administration of clonidine in extinction alone increased resistance to extinction in both the CRF and PRF animals. The increase in resistance to extinction, typically obtained with benzodiazepine treatment, indicates that clonidine exerts anxiolytic effects, supporting the involvement of the noradrenergic system in anxiety. However, clonidine did not fully reproduce the effects of benzodiazepines on the PREE, suggesting that the two classes of drugs may act via different noradrenergic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172878
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of haloperidol on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE): implications for neuroleptic drug action on reinforcement and nonreinforcement (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 528-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Haloperidol ; Partial reinforcement ; Continuous reinforcement ; Extinction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) paradigm at one trial a day, were examined. Two groups of rats were trained to run in a straight alley. The continuously reinforced (CRF) group received food reward on every trial. The partially reinforced (PRF) group was rewarded on a quasirandom 50% schedule. All animals were then tested in extinction. Haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg was administered in a 2 × 2 design, i.e., drug-no drug in acquisition and drug-no drug in extinction. The PREE, i.e., increased resistance to extinction of partially reinforced as compared to continuously reinforced animals, was obtained in all four drug conditions. The administration of haloperidol in acquisition increased markedly resistance to extinction in CRF animals. The administration of the drug in extinction decreased resistance to extinction in both CRF and PRF animals. The results are explained in terms of two independent actions of haloperidol: the well-known effect of reduction in the effectiveness of reinforcement as well as enhancement of the effectiveness of nonreinforcement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172968
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A micropuncture study of urate excretion byCebus monkeys employing high performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection of urate (1980)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 383 (1980), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cebus albifrons ; Urate transport ; Renal tubule ; Urate determination ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Net renal reabsorption of endogenous urate was studied by the micropuncture technique inCebus monkeys in the absence of osmotic diuresis. Most of filtered urate (more than 70%) was reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules. Samples from early distal tubules contained 9% of filtered urate; approximately 18% being reabsorbed between the late proximal and early distal segments. There was no detectable reabsorption along the distal tubule. Fractional delivery of urate to late distal tubules was greater than fractional excretion, implying reabsorption of some 4% of filtered urate in the collecting system. However, we cannot exclude nephron heterogeneity as the cause of the difference. The foregoing results were obtained using the method of Pachla and Kissinger for the determination of urate. Urate is separated by high performance liquid chromatography and detected by an amperometric technique. We found the method to be sufficiently sensitive, precise and specific for renal micropuncture samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587519
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amphetamine does not affect the partial punishment effect (PPE) (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: dl-Amphetamine ; Continuous reinforcement ; Partial punishment ; Resistance to punishment ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of amphetamine on the partial punishment effect (PPE) at one trial per day, were examined. Two groups of animals were trained to run in a straight alley. The continuously reinforced (CRF) group received food reward on every trial. The partially punished (PP) group received food reward on every trial but in addition, received footshocks of a gradually increasing intensity in the goal box on a random 50% of the trials. In the test stage, all animals received both food and footshock on each trial. dl-Amphetamine 1.5 mg/kg was administered in a 2 × 2 design, i.e. drug-no drug in training and drug-no drug in test. The partially punished animals exhibited increased persitence in running to the goal box during test, and this “partial punishment effect” was unaffected by amphetamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310526
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of haloperidol on the multitrial partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE): evidence for neuroleptic drug action on nonreinforcement but not on reinforcement (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 105 (1991), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Haloperidol ; Partial reinforcement extinction effect ; Continuous reinforcement ; Instrumental learning ; Extinction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments investigated the effects of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). In experiment 1 two groups of rats were trained to run in a straight alley using six trials/day with an intertrial interval (ITI) of 5–8 min. The continuously reinforced (CRF) group received food reward on every trial. The partially reinforced (PRF) group was rewarded on a quasi-random 50% schedule. All animals were then tested in extinction. Haloperidol was administered in a 2 × 2 design, i.e., drug-no drug in acquisition and drug-no drug in extinction. In experiment 2 two groups of rats were trained to press a lever in an operant chamber using a discrete trial procedure of ten trials/day with an ITI of 60 s. The CRF group was rewarded on each trial and the PRF group was rewarded on a quasi-random 50% schedule. Haloperidol was administered for 22 days prior to the start of the PREE procedure as well as throughout acquisition and extinction. The PREE, i.e., increased resistance to extinction of PRF as compared to CRF animals, was obtained in both experiments in all drug conditions. In both experiments haloperidol increased the rate of extinction. Experiment 1 revealed that this effect was entirely dur to the administration of the drug in extinction, independently of the drug condition in acquisition. In contrast to previous results in a one trial/day procedure, the administration of haloperidol to CRF animals did not increase resistance to extinction, failing to support the notion that neuroleptics attenuate the rewarding properties of reinforcement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244437
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