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  • 1
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Konformation von Tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanen und Tetra- und Pentaaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanen in Lösung. Eine NMR-StudieDie 1H-NMR-Spektren einer Reihe von Tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanen 5-12 wurden mit Hilfe der Kern-Overhauser-Differenz-Spektroskopie zugeordnet. Aufgrund der NOE-Effekte und Spin-Gitter-Relaxationszeiten ließ sich zeigen, daß diese Moleküle die Sessel-Boot-Konformation einnehmen, wobei alle Arylgruppen äquatorial stehen. Diese Konformation und die Torsionswinkel der Arylgruppen ähneln denen, die im festen Zustand gefunden wurden. Analoge Untersuchungen wurden mit den Tetra- und Pentaaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanen 3, 4, 13 und 14 durchgeführt. Die beiden 1,3-diaxial orientierten Arylgruppen zeigen in diesen Systemen eine überraschend niedrige Rotationsbarriere (4b: δG298≠ = 42 kJ. mol-1). Die chemischen Verschiebungen in den 13C-NMR-Spektren aller Verbindungen werden mitgeteilt. Die der 3,7-Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane 5-12 stehen im Einklang mit der vorgeschlagenen Sessel-Boot-Konformation. Das gleiche gilt für die chemischen Verschiebungen in den 15N-NMR-Spektren und die 13C-15N-Kopplungskonstanten. Die Reduktion des 4,8,9,10-Tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-diaza-6-adamantanons (4b) führt stereoselektiv zum Alkohol 15, der sich säurekatalysiert leicht in 16 umlagert, den ersten Vertreter des 9-Oxa-1,5-diazatricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undecan-Ringsystems.
    Notes: The proton NMR spectra of a series of tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes, 5-12, have been assigned with the aid of nuclear Overhauser difference spectroscopy. The NOE's together with spin lattice relaxation times have been used to show that these molecules adopt the chair-boat conformation with all aryl groups being equatorial. This conformation and the torsional angles of the aryl groups are similar to those found in the solid state. Analogous studies have been carried out with tetra- and pentaaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanes, 3, 4, 13, and 14. A surprisingly low barrier of rotation (4b: δG298≠ = 42 kJ. mol-1) has been found for the two 1,3-diaxially oriented aryl groups in these systems. Carbon-13 chemical shift data are reported for the above compounds. Those of the 3,7-diazabicyclononanes 5-12 are found to be consistent with the proposed chair-boat conformation. Nitrogen-15 chemical shift data and 13C-15N coupling constants are also in accord with this conformation. A stereoselective reduction of 4,8,9,10-tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-diaza-6-adamantanone (4b) to the corresponding alcohol 15 and the ready acidcatalyzed rearrangement of this alcohol to 16, the first example of the 9-oxa-1,5-diazatricyclo-[5.3.1.03,8]undecane ring system, is described.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Structure, and Cope Rearrangement of Some 3,7-Dicyano-1,5-dimethylsemibullvalenesAddition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to the bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-dione 8 followed by the reaction of the diastereomeric O-silylated biscyanohydrins 12 with phosphoryl chloride in boiling pyridine yields a 2:1 mixture of the regioisomeric unsaturated dinitriles C2-13 and Cs-13. These are converted by an excess of N-bromosuccinimide to the tribromo- (14a) and the isomeric tetrabromodinitriles 14b and 15a which are separated by crystallization and by selective reaction of 15a with diethyl phosphite/triethylamine. The structure of the predominant, unsymmetrical tetrabromodinitrile 15a is determined by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Zinc/copper reagent in boiling ether smoothly debrominates the tetrabromodinitriles 14b and 15a affording the 2,6- (2b) and 2,4-dibromo-3,7-dicyanosemibullvalene 2a, respectively. However, extended heating of 15a in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of zinc/copper reagent produces the bromo-3,7-dicyanoscmibullvalene 1c⇌1c′ Bromine/lithium exchange of the latter by tert-butyllithium at -100°C and quenching of the lithio-3,7-dicyanoscmibullvalene 1d with methanol, methan-[D]ol, and cyanogen yield the semibullvalenes 1a, 1b⇌1b′, and 1e⇌1e′, respectively. The rates of the degenerate Cope rearrangement of the dibromo-3,7-dicyanosemibullvalenes 2a and b are calculated from the exchange broadening of carbon-13 NMR signals in the temperature range 200-290 K. For 200 K one obtains k = 260 s-1, ΔG≠ = 39.1⇌1.5 kJ·mol-1 (2a) and k = 1160 s-1, ΔG≠ = 36.6±0.6 kJ·mol-1 (2b). Thus, the strong deceleration of the degenerate Cope rearrangement relative to that of the 3,7-dicyanosemibullvalene 1a (k = 1.53·106 s-1, ΔG≠ = 24.6±0.3 kJ·mol-1 at 200 K) depends only little on the position of the bromine atoms. For the valence tautomeric equilibria of the 3,7-dicyanosemibullvalenes 1b⇌1b′ (K = 1.112±0.001 at 298 K), 1c⇌1c′ (0.065±0.02 at 300 K), 1e⇌1e′ (0.29±0.02 at 300 K), and the known bromosemibullvalenes 18b⇌18b′ (0.2±0.02 at 300 K) the constants K are determined using relative temperature gradients of carbon-13 shifts or Saunders' isotopic pertubation method. The atomic distances as revealed by X-ray diffraction analyses of the bromo-3,7-dicyanosemibullvalenes 1c and 2a demonstrate that both do not undergo a Cope rearrangement in the crystal. On the contrary, a statistical orientational disorder in the crystal is observed for 2b which is indicative of a degenerate Cope rearrangement in the solid state.
    Notes: Addition von Trimethylsilylcyanid an das Bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3,7-dion 8 und nachfolgende Umsetzung der diastereomeren O-silylierten Biscyanhydrine 12 mit Trichlorphosphanoxid in siedendem Pyridin ergibt ein 2:1-Gemisch der regiosiomeren ungesättigten Dinitrile C2-13 und Cs-13. Diese werden mit überschüssigem N-Bromsuccinimid in die Tribrom- (14a) und isomeren Tetrabromdinitrile 14b und 15a übergeführt, die durch Kristallisation und selektive Reaktion von 15a mit Diethylphosphit/Triethylamin getrennt werden. Die Struktur des überwiegenden, unsymmetrischen Tetrabromdinitrils 15a wird durch eine Röntgenstrukturbestimmung aufgeklärt. Zink/Kupfer in siedendem Ether debromiert die Tetrabromdinitrile 14b und 15a glatt zu dem 2,6- (2b) bzw. 2,4-Dibrom-3,7-dicyansemibullvalen 2a. Längeres Erhitzen von 15a mit Zink/Kupfer in Tetrahydrofuran führt dagegen zum Brom-3,7-dicyansemibullvalen 1c⇌1c′. Brom/Lithium-Austausch an 1c⇌1c′ mit tert-Butyllithium bei -100°C und Umsetzung des Lithio-3,7-dicyansemibullvalens 1d mit Methanol, Methan-[D]ol und Dicyan ergeben die Semibullvalene 1a, 1b⇌1b′ bzw. 1e⇌1e′. Die Geschwindigkeit der entarteten Cope-Umlagerung der Dibrom-3,7-dicyansemibullvalene 2a und b wird aus der Austauschverbreiterung von 13C-NMR-Signalen im Bereich von 200-290 K bestimmt. Bei 200 K gilt für 2a k = 260 s-1, ΔG≠ = 39.1±1.5 kJ·mol-1, für 2b k = 1160 s-1, ΔG≠ = 36.6±0.6 kJ·mol-1. Die starke Verzögerung der entarteten Cope-Umlagerung im Vergleich zu der des 3,7-Dicyansemibullvalens 1a (k = 1.53·106 s-1, ΔG≠ = 24.6±0.3 kJ·mol-1 bei 200 K) hängt somit nur wenig von der Stellung der Bromatome ab. Die Konstanten K der Valenztautomerie-Gleichgewichte der 3,7-Dicyansemibullvalene 1b⇌1b′ (K = 1.112±0.001 bei 298 K), 1c⇌1c′ (0.065±0.02 bei 300 K), 1e⇌1e′ (0.29±0.02 bei 300 K) und der bekannten Bromsemibullvalene 18⇌18′ (0.2±0.02 bei 300 K) werden aus relativen Temperaturgradienten 13C-chemischer Verschiebungen bzw. mit Hilfe von Saunders' Isotopenstörungs-Methode erhalten. Die durch Röntgenstrukturbestimmung ermittelten Atomabstände der Brom-3,7-dicyansemibullvalene 1c und 2a zeigen, daß bei beiden im Kristall keine Cope-Umlagerung stattfindet. Dagegen beobachtet man eine statistische Orientierungsfehlordnung im Kristall des 2,6-Dibrom-3,7-dicyansemibullvalens 2b, die auf eine entartete Cope-Umlagerung im festen Zustand hinweist.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1801-1806 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 3,7-Dicyano-2,6-dimethoxy-1,5-dimethylsemibullvaleneMichael reaction of dimethyl methylmalonate and acrylonitrile affords a 92% yield of the diesternitrile 4a, which is quantitatively hydrolysed to give the monoacid 4b. When subjected to Kolbe electrolysis, 4b produced a 1:1 mixture (21% yield) of the diastereomeric bis(esternitriles) meso- and rac-5. In the Dieckmann condensation of this mixture with potassium tert-butoxide, meso-5 furnishes 54% of the monocyclic α-cyanoketone 6a while rac-5 affords 68% of the bicyclic bis(β-cyanoenol) 7c. The products of the condensation exist predominantly in these tautomeric forms (6a and 7c, respectively) and are separated on the basis of their different acidity. Diazomethane methylates 7c to provide the bis(β-cyanoenolether) 10 (79% yield), which is brominated by N-bromosuccinimide to yield the bis(bromo-β-cyanoenolether) 11 (51% yield). Zinc/copper reagent debrominates 11 to afford the title compound 1d (49% yield). The rate constants of the degenerate Cope rearrangement of 1d in the temperature range of 209-293 K are calculated from the exchange broadening of the signals of 4-H, 8-H and the methoxy protons. The rate constant at 200 K is k = 57 s-1 and the free enthalpy of activation ΔG≠ = 41.6 ± 0.4 kJmol-1. Thus, the methoxy groups decelerate the Cope rearrangement by a factor of 3 · 104 corresponding to an increase of the activation barrier by 17 kJmol-1 relative to that of the 3,7-dicyanosemibullvalene 1a.
    Notes: Michael-Addition von Methylmalonsäure-dimethylester an Acrylnitril führt mit 92% Ausbeute zum Diesternitril 4a, das quantitativ zur Monosäure 4b hydrolysiert wird. Deren Kolbe-Elektrolyse ergibt mit 21% Ausbeute ein (1:1)-Gemisch der Diastereomeren Bis(esternitrile) meso- und rac-5. Bei der Dieckmann-Kondensation dieses Gemischs mit Kalium-tert-butylat erhält man aus meso-5 mit 54% Ausbeute das monocyclische α-Cyanketon 6a, aus rac-5 mit 68% Ausbeute das bicyclische Bis(β-cyanenol) 7c. Die Kondensationsprodukte liegen hauptsächlich in diesen tautomeren Formen (6a bzw. 7c) vor und werden aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen Acidität getrennt. Diazomethan methyliert 7c zum Bis(β-cyanenolether) 10, der durch N-Bromsuccinimid zum Bis(brom-β-cyanenolether) 11 bromiert wird. Mit Zink/Kupfer entsteht daraus die Titelverbindung 1d. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der entarteten Cope-Umlagerung von 1d werden im Bereich 209-293 K aus der Austauschverbreiterung der Signale von 4-H, 8-H und der Methoxyprotonen errechnet. Bei 200 K ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante k = 57 s-1 und die Freie Aktivierungsenthalpie ΔG≠ = 41.6 ± 0.4 kJmol-1. Die Methoxygruppen verzögern somit die Cope-Umlagerung um den Faktor 3 · 104, was einer Erhöhung der Aktivierungsbarriere (relativ zu der des 3,7-Dicyansemibullvalens 1a) um 17 kJmol-1 entspricht.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2007-2019 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The desorption of mixtures of ethane and butane at atmospheric pressure from low-density polyethylene was investigated over the temperature range from 20 to 60°C. Desorbed penetrants were continuously trapped in glass tubes immersed in liquid nitrogen, and composition was determined as a function of time by means of gas chromatography. The ratio of the quantity of desorbed gas at any time t, qt, to the quantity at complete desorption, q∞, was used to determine diffusion coefficients and solubility constants. The diffusion coefficients for both ethane and butane increase with increasing butane concentration in the temperature interval investigated. The solubility of both penetrants can be correlated by Henry's law at 40, 50, and 60°C. However, at 20 and 30°C. the solubility constant for both penetrants increases with increasing butane concentration. This trend is consistent with experimental observations for single-component diffusion and solubility of several hydrocarbons in polyethylene, where increasing concentration of penetrant plasticizes the polymer, resulting in increasing diffusion coefficients and solubility constants.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2083-2095 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Permeation of ethane-butane mixtures a t atmospheric pressure through polyethylene was investigated in the temperature interval of 30-60°C. The integral permeation constant P̄ and the integral diffusion coefficient D̄ of both ethane and butane were satisfactorily correlated by using an exponential and also a linear function of butane concentration. This was attributed to the plasticizing of the film by butane, whose solubility constant is approximately ten times that of ethane in the temperature interval investigated. The separation factor Gi, j defined as the ratio of the permeation constant of butane to the permeation constant of ethane over the range of mixture compositions and temperatures investigated, remained nearly constant at values in the range of 2.8-3.2. The insignificant change in Gi, j is due to the proximity of the activation energies of permeation of ethane and butane (10.95 and 10.75 kcal/mol, respectively) and the similar magnitude of change in the permeation constants with increasing butane concentration. Experiments were run in which the film was initially in equilibrium with the same partial pressure of butane as in the mixture to be studied. It can be shown that the diffusion coefficient of ethane in this case is related to the following function of film position: D = D(o)(β0 + β1x)δ. The time lag of diffusion of ethane in these experiments decreased with inrreasing butane concentration.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 44-54 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)propyne] (PTMSP) is an unusual polyyne material which is optically clear, exhibits high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents, and good oxygen compatibility. By contrast, polyacetylene is black, insoluble, and is unstable in oxygen. The long term stability of PTMSP has been determined by a combination of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and permeability test procedures under a number of different isothermal aging conditions. The use of commercial antioxidants at up to 2 weight percent improves the long term stability of PTMSP. The presence of the antioxidant has no effect on the surface fluorination of PTMSP. Testing of PTMSP films for over eight months shows no change in either permeability or selectivity in contrast to previously reported data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 18 (1982), S. 363-375 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: T4 bacteriophage ; short-tail fibers ; fiber formation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The characteristics of pure preparations of short-tail fibers of bacteriophage T4 have been studied in the optical and electron microscope. Three main structures were observed: 1) spheres of 8.1 nm diameter; 2) fibers 43 nm long and 3.8 nm thick; and 3) fibers 54 nm long and 3.2 nm thick. Both types of fibers exhibited a regular beaded appearance. The 43-nm fibers were the most abundant structure. During the process of purification of the short-tail fibers, the formation of aggregates was observed each time the material containing the short-tail fibers was dialyzed against saline solutions. These aggregates became increasingly fibrous (as observed in the optical microscope) as the material used was increasingly enriched in short-tail fibers. Finally, most of the aggregates were of the fibrous type when they were formed from a purified preparation of short-tail fibers. In the electron microscope, it was found that the filamentous aggregates were organized in well-defined bundles. The amino acid composition of the highly purified short-tail fibers was also determined. Among the known fibrous proteins, the ones that most resemble the amino acid composition of the short-tail fibers are actin and fibrinogen. These observations are discussed in relation to the T4 short-tail fiber structure and their localization on the hexagonal baseplate of the T4 tail structure.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25 (1987), S. 311-323 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Blends of various poly(aryl ether ketones) have been found to exhibit a range of miscibility and isomorphic behavior. This range is dependent on molecular weight; however, for poly(aryl ether ketones) with number-average molecular weight of 20,000, this range is about ±25% difference in ketone content. All miscible blends exhibit isomorphism, and all immiscible blends exhibit no evidence of isomorphism. The dependence of the glass transition temperature Tg versus composition exhibits a minimum deviation from linearity whereas the melting temperature Tm versus composition exhibits a pronounced maximum deviation from linear behavior.The crystalline melting point versus composition for isomorphic blends is considerably different than for random copolymers with isomorphic units. Homopolymers and random copolymers exhibit a melting point that is a linear function of ketone content (increasing ketone content increases Tm). For blends, the melting point is essentially the same as that of the higher melting constituent until high levels of the lower melting constituent are present. The observed melting point versus composition behavior will be interpreted using classical theory to calculate the components of the liquid and crystalline phase compositions. As a miscible blend is cooled from the melt, essentially pure component of the highest melting point crystallizes out of solution, as predicted by calculated solid-liquid phase diagrams. This occurs until the crystallization is complete owing to spherulitic impingement. At high concentrations of the lower melting constituent, lower melting points will be observed because the highest melting constituent will be depleted before the crystallization is complete.In many miscible blends involving addition of an amorphous polymer to a crystalline polymer, the degree of crystallinity of the crystalline polymer has been shown to increase. On the basis of evidence presented here, it is hypothesized that dilution by a miscible, amorphous polymer allows for a higher level of crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 29 (1973), S. 47-62 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Reihe von Polysulfon-Polydimethylsiloxan-(AB)n-Blockcopolymeren wurde über eine breite Zusammensetzungsweite durch Variation des Molekulargewichtes der Polysulfon- und Polydimethylsiloxan-Blöcke dargestellt. Die Eigenschaften dieser Polymeren reichen von einem harten Stoff bei hohem Polysulfongehalt (〉65% Polysulfon) bis zu einem elastischen Stoff bei hohem Gehalt an Polydimethylsiloxan (〉65% Polydimethylsiloxan).Es wird gezeigt, daß eine einfache Erweiterung der MAXWELL-Analyse von heterogenen Systemen genügt, um Permeabilitätsdaten vorherzusagen. Eine ähnliche Handhabung der KERNER-Analyse kann angewandt werden, um die Moduli vorherzusagen. Die Analyse der Permeabilitäts-Ergebnisse und der Moduli-Ergebnisse zeigt das Auftreten der Phasenumkehrung bei ähnlicher Zusammensetzung dieser Zweiphasen-Blockcopolymeren an.Von einem gegebenen Blockcopolymeren können verschiedene physikalische Eigenschaften erhalten werden, wenn Polymerfilme aus verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln hergestellt werden, oder wenn der Polymerfilm mit einem Lösungsmittel für nur eine Phase des Polymeren angequollen wird. Die Neigung der Polydime-thylsiloxan-Komponente zu kristallisieren, hiingt von der Flexibilitiit des Copoly-meren ab. Die Flexibilitiit kann bei der Herstellung des Filmes eingestellt werden.
    Notes: A series of polysulfone/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (AB)n block copolymers have been synthesized over a wide composition range by varying the molecular weights of the polysulfone and poly(dimethylsiloxane) blocks. The properties vary from a rigid material at high polysulfone content (〉65% polysulfone) to an elastomeric material at high poly(dimethylsiloxane) content (〉65% poly(dimethylsiloxane)).A simple extension of MAXWELL's analysis of heterogeneous systems is shown to be applicable to the prediction of permeability data and a similar treatment of KERNER's analysis can be used for predicting modulus data. Analysis of both the permeability data and modulus data predict a similar phase inversion composition for this two-phase block copolymer.Different properties can be obtained with a given block copolymer composition by casting films from different solvents or by swelling the films in a non-solvent which preferentially swells one phase only. The tendency of poly(dimethylsiloxane) to crystallize at low temperature is dependent upon the flexibility of the block copolymer, which can be influenced by the method of film preparation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 52 (1994), S. 1837-1846 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The utilization of polymer-blend technology to prepare microfibers via extraction of one of the components is known technology. Achieving fibrillation (microfiber formation) is not an a priori consequence of polymer blends exposed to a shear or elongational flow field. The viscosity ratio, concentration ratio, interfacial tension, and second normal stress function have all been noted to be important factors in achieving fibrillation in polymer blends. It has been found that thermoplastic poly(vinyl alcohol) is particularly effective in this technology, yielding fibrillated systems that can be easily extracted to yield microfibers (0.1-5 μ diameter). Thermoplastic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) offers cold-water solubility, biodegradability, and fibrillation characteristics with many commodity polymers (polyolefins, polystyrene, scrap mixtures), thus offering advantages over previously investigated extractable polymers. In addition, the resultant microfibers via this process can be pulped and handled in paper-making processes. The process for microfiber formation, the process variables, the polymers applicable to the formation of microfibers using PVOH as an extractable matrix, and the properties of the resultant microfibers are discussed with emphasis on the characterization of the microfibers as a fibrous thixotrope additive. Potential utility of the microfibers via this process include polymeric paper and admixtures with cellulosic-based pulp, oil- or water-adsorbent mats, fibrous thixotrope additives, filters, filler rentention and pitch control in paper applications, and ultralow denier fibers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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