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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Matsucoccus josephi ; Elatophilus hebraicus ; Homoptera ; Heteroptera ; Matsucoccidae ; Anthocoridae ; scale insect ; pine bast scale ; predator ; Pinus halepensis ; Pinus brutia ; sex pheromone (2E,6E,8E)-5,7-dimethyl-2,6,8-decatrien-4-one ; trap color ; trap position
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The active component of the sex pheromone ofMatsucoccus josephi is (2E,6E,8E)-5,7-dimethyl-2,6,8-decatrien-4-one; the chemical is also a powerful kairomone of adult males and females of the bugElatophilus hebraicus the principal predator ofM. josephi. The presence of theZ isomer (2E,6Z,8E)-5,7-dimethyl-2,6,8-decatrien-4-one does not interfere with the attractancy of the activeE component forM. josephi males or the bug. Our results show a clear dose-response between trap catch ofM. josephi males andE. hebraicus. Conversely, increasing amounts of theZ isomer in the mixture did not affect the attraction of the scale insect males or the bug. The catch ofM. josephi males did not differ significantly among traps of different color, and was significantly higher with traps attached to the tree trunk than those suspended between trees. Comparison of the catch ofM. josephi among the three forests and between pine species suggests that the level of infestation ofPinus halepepsis andPinus brutia ssp.brutia is similar, despite the fact that the latter pine is resistant to the scale insect. Both sexes ofE. hebraicus were trapped in much lower numbers at the more infested sites. This may be related to interference with the activity ofE. hebraicus due to deterioration and drying of parts of the tree crowns and heavy colonization by generalist predators in injured trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Matsucoccus josephi ; Homoptera ; Matsucoccidae ; Elatophilus hebraicus ; Hemiptera ; Anthocoridae ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; analog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been demonstrated previously that the sex pheromone of the Israeli pine bast scale, Matsucoccus josephi, (2E,5R,6E,8E)-5,7-dimethyl2,6,8-decatrien-4-one (1) is also a potent kairomone of the scale insect's predator Elatophilus hebraicus. Surprisingly, the sex pheromones of M. feytaudi (2) and M. matsumurae (3) also attract E. hebraicus. These results have prompted us to prepare a series of analogs of 1 with variations in the two moieties attached to the C=O group (4–9) in order to probe the structure–activity relationship of the pheromonal/kairomonal response of M. josephi and E. hebraicus. The most selective and active pheromone analog is 8, attracting only M. josephi males and the most selective and active kairomone analog is the M. feytaudi pheromone 2, attracting only adults of E. hebraicus. A dose–response field test of these analogs and the chiral and racemic M. josephi pheromone 1 indicates that the specificity is maintained at a broad range between 25 and 400 μg corresponding to 1. Analog 5, which is neither a parapheromone nor a kairomone, and analog 8, which is only a parapheromone, are not inhibitory to M. josephi or to E. hebraicus. Our study indicates that alterations in the diene side chain of 1, common to all three Matsucoccus pheromones, strongly reduce the kairomonal activity while structural changes in the second side chain significantly reduce the pheromonal activity. The discovery of selective analogs of 1 has practical implications and enables specific monitoring of M. josephi or E. hebraicus. Particularly important is the possibility to mass-trap males of M. josephi without reducing the population of E. hebraicus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 413-424 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two-toed sloths have evolved a wrist complex that includes the following traits: (1) diminution and distal migration of the pisiform, with a loss of contact with the ulna; (2) reduction of the distal end of the ulna to a styloid process; and (3) extremely reduced contact between the ulna and triquetrum. These traits were proposed by Lewis ('65, '74) to be indicative of brachiating habits and to be a unique adaptation of the Hominoidea. Cartmill and Milton ('77) recently found a similar complex in the wrists of the lorisines. Very similar adaptations of the wrist among the Hominoidea, lorisines, and two-toed sloths clearly refute contentions of Lewis and strengthen the hypothesis of Cartmill and Milton that the traits common to those animals are due to similar slow, cautious, but acrobatic locomotion.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 357-372 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Feet of two-toed sloths (Choloepus) are long, narrow, hook-like appendages with only three functional digits, numbers II, III, and IV; Rays I and V are represented by metatarsals. Proximal phalanges of complete digits are little more than proximal and distal articulating surfaces. All interphalangeal joints are restricted, by interlocking surfaces, to flexion and extension. Ankle and transverse tarsal joints, however, allow extreme flexion and inversion of foot. Powerful digital flexion is augmented by several muscles from extensor compartment of leg. Intrinsic foot musculature is reduced to flexors and extensors but these, with the exception of lumbricals, are large and well developed. Choloepus uses its feet much like hooks with distal phalanges and covering claws forming the “hook” element. These hook-like appendages are seemingly best suited for supports less than 50 mm in diameter suggesting that two-toed sloths may prefer supports of this size in their natural habitat.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 199-209 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Insect growth regulator ; natural enemies ; side effect ; scale insects ; Comperiella bifasciata ; Encyrtus infelix ; Cryptochaetum iceryae ; Rodolia cardinalis ; Chilocorus bipustulatus ; Elatophilus hebraicus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effects de quatre régulateurs de croissance d'insectes (buprofézine, fénoxycarbe, pyriproxyfène et chlorfluazuron) sur six ennemis naturels de cochenilles font l'objet, de cette étude, aux concentrations recommandées pour usage agricole. L'immersion dans la buprofézine n'a pas d'effet, appréciable sur la mortalité, l'oviposition et le développement deComperiella bifasciata (Howard) (Hym.: Encyrtidae). La mortalité des adultes d'Encyrtus infelix Embleton (Encyrtidae) exposés à des, hôtes traités avec de la buprofézine est faible; la buprofézine produit un certain effect négatif sur les stades immatures d'E. infelix quand ce produit est appliqué avant le parasitisme mais n'a pas d'effet lorsque le produit est appliqué après. Ce régulateur de croissance n'a qu'un faible effet sur les stades immatures deCryptochaetum iceryae Williston (Dipt.: Cryptochaetidae), alors que le fénoxycarbe et le pyriproxyfène ont un effet négatif sur le parasitisme et/ou le développement de la mouche parasitoïde. Aucune larve deRodolia cardinalis Mulsant (Col.: Coccinellidae) n'atteint le, stade adulte après application de buprofézine, fénoxycarbe ou pyriproxyféne. La buprofézine et le chlorfluazuron empêchent totalement l'éclosion des œufs deChilocorus bipustulatus L. (Col.: Coccinellidae). La buprofézine n'a pas d'effet, négatif sur l'éclosion des œufs et le développement larvaire d'Elatophilus hebraicus Péricart (Hem.: Anthocoridae); par contre le fénoxycarbe et le pyriproxyfène appliqués, sur les aiguilles de pin avant ou après l'oviposition empêchent totalement l'éclosion des œufs chez cette espèce.
    Notes: Abstract We report and discuss effects of four insect growth regulators: buprofezin, fenoxycarb pyriproxyfen and chlorfluazuron, at concentrations recommended for agricultural use on six species of natural enemies of homopteran pests. Dipping in buprofezin had no appreciable effect on adult mortality, oviposition and development ofComperiella bifasciata (Howard), (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). When exposed to hosts treated with buprofezin, percentage mortality of adultEncyrtus infelix Embleton (Encyrtidae) was low; buprofezin had some detrimental effect on immature stages ofE. infelix when applied prior to parasitization, but not when introduced after parasitization. Buprofezin had a slight effect on the immature stages ofCryptochaetum iceryae Williston (Diptera: Cryptochaetidae), while fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen had marked detrimental effects on parasitization and/or development of the parasitoid fly. None of the larvae ofRodolia cardinalis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) developed into adults after application of buprofezin, fenoxycarb or pyriproxyfen. Buprofezin and chlorfluazuron completely prevented egg hatch ofChilocorus bipustulatus L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Buprofezin did not adversely affect egg hatch and larval development ofElatophilus hebraicus Pericart (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae); fenoxycarb or pyriproxyfen applied either before or after oviposition on pine needles caused total suppression of egg hatch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hands of two-toed sloths (Choloepus) are long, narrow, hook-like apparatuses with only two functional digits (II and III); rays I and IV are represented only by metacarpals. The proximal phalanges of digits II and III are shortened to essentially proximal and distal articulating surfaces, and all but distal interphalangeal joints of these digits are restricted by interlocking surfaces to minimal ranges of flexion and extension. Several intercarpal joints and the wrist joint, however, allow wide ranges of movement in several axes. Wide excursion at the wrist is permitted by an extremely lax joint capsule, the manner of insertion of several prime movers of the carpus, and the reduced participation of the ulna in the wrist joint. Several extrinsic digital muscles, particularly extensors, are absent and others have unusual actions. Intrinsic musculature consists primarily of mm. interossei and m. extensor digitorum brevis, although other, inconstant muscles do occur. Hands of Choloepus are used as flexible hooks on supports less than 52 mm in diameter and as fixed grapnels on larger supports. In both cases, distal phalanges (and covering claws) form the “hook” element. Whereas bare volar pads seem to be adjunctive on supports smaller than 52 mm in diameter, they are essential on those larger than 65 mm. Two-toed sloths may prefer supports 50 mm in diameter or smaller. The potential importance of vines as supports is discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 27 (1946), S. 69-85 
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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