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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Examining the relation between usual-brand nicotine yield, blood cotinine concentration and the nicotine-“compensation” hypothesis (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 124 (1996), S. 282-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Cotinine ; Nicotine-“compensation” hypothesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight data sets relating usual-brand nicotine yield (FTC method or equivalent) to blood cotinine concentration are reviewed with respect to the so-called nicotine-“compensation” hypothesis, i.e., that all smokers achieve a specific level of nicotine in their blood, regardless of the FTC nicotine yield of the cigarette smoked. The data from the studies reviewed here indicate wide variability in blood cotinine concentrations over the range of FTC nicotine yields and that the nicotine-compensation hypothesis is not supported. On average, blood cotinine concentrations are found to be roughly midway between complete compensation (all smokers absorb equal amounts of nicotine regardless of FTC nicotine yield) and the value expected if there was no compensation (i.e., smokers absorb an amount of nicotine exactly equal to the FTC yield). As a result of individual smoking-behavior differences (number of cigarettes smoked, puff volume, puff frequency inhalation volume and depth, etc.), the data indicate that, on average, smokers achieve roughly 50% lower blood cotinine concentrations than predicted by the nicotine-compensation hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246670
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Faster P300 latency after smoking in visual but not auditory oddball tasks (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 123 (1996), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Information processing ; Smoking ; Nicotine ; Event-related potentials ; P300
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In two separate experiments, P300 was recorded from overnight-abstaining smokers before and after smoking. In the first experiment, 32 subjects counted forward by ones and counted backwards by threes upon presentation of a rare tone burst (20%) in a stream of standard tones. There were no changes in P300 amplitude or latency pre- to post-smoking (1.1-mg FTC nicotine-yield cigarette). In the second experiment, 29 subjects completed auditory and visual oddball tasks before smoking, after smoking a low nicotine-yield cigarette (0.05 mg), after smoking a higher nicotine-yield cigarette (1.1-mg), and after smoking a second 1.1-mg cigarette. In the visual oddball task, P300 latency decreased after smoking the first higher-yield cigarette relative to both pre-smoking and post smoking the lower-yield cigarette. This effect was maintained after smoking the second higher-yield cigarette. In the visual task, P300 amplitude increased after smoking the first higher-yield cigarette (from a lower baseline level) in a group of subjects with larger changes in tidal-breath CO but not in a group with smaller changes in CO. There were no effects of smoking on P300 amplitude or latency in the auditory tasks of either the first or second experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246577
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and cytochemical staining characteristics of canine natural killer cells (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 243 (1995), S. 509-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: NK cell ; Dog ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: The purpose of this work was to describe the ultrastructure and cytochemical staining characteristics of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes with natural killer (NK) cell activity, with comparison made to non-NK lymphocytes.Methods: Canine lymphocyte populations evaluated for ultrastructure, cytochemical staining, and NK function (by 51 chromium release assay) included: peripheral blood lymphocytes; lymphocytes from band 1 (NK-enriched), band 2, and the pellet of a 45/50% percoll gradient; lymphocytes from the supernatant fluid (non-conjugated lymphocytes) and pellet (lymphocytes conjugated to tumor cell targets) of a 17% percoll gradient; and null (CD4-CD8-) and CD4-CD8+ lymphocytes.Results: NK activity was concentrated in band 1 lymphocytes of the 45/50% percoll gradient with further enhancement of activity occurring in sorted null cells. Canine NK cells were 5.5 to 6.5 μm in diameter with a reniform (kidney bean shape) nucleus, and electron-dense cytoplasmic granules. NK cells (percoll band 1 cells and null cells) had larger cell and nuclear area, and less round nuclei when compared to non-NK lymphocytes. The overall cytochemical staining (chloracetate esterase, peroxidase, sudan black B, naphthyl acetate esterase, naphthyl butyrate esterase periodic acid-Schiff stain, and acid phosphatase with and without tartrate) pattern was similar in all the lymphocyte populations evaluated.Conclusions: This work confirms the usefulness of a 45/50% percoll gradient in obtaining a NK-enriched fraction of canine lymphocytes, and shows further enhancement of NK activity in sorted CD4-CD8- cells. The ultrastructure of canine NK cells is similar to that reported for human NK cells, but is different from that of other canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Standard cytochemical staining does not discriminate canine NK cells from other lymphocytes. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092430413
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone changes due to lathyrism in rats (1934)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 59 (1934), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090590303
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative biochemical and cytochemical studies on superoxide and peroxide in mouse macrophages (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 115 (1983), S. 208-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Maximal rates of superoxide (O-2) release, and the cytochemical locales of peroxide staining in resident, elicited, and activated macrophages have been determined. Macrophages elicited into the peritoneum with either casein (1.2% w/v) or proteose-peptone (10.0% w/v) release about twice as much O-2 as macrophages activated by infection of the animals with either Listeria monocytogenes, or Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) followed by immune boosting with Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) (i.e., about 35 vs. 14-18 nmol O-2/min/107 cells). Macrophages elicited with thioglycollate (3.0% w/v) and resident macrophages produce negligible amounts of O-2 upon stimulation with PMA. These data are compared with those reported by other investigators who used different procedures. A cytochemical procedure for localizing peroxide has been modified for use with murine macrophages. No production of H2O2 by macrophages is detected cytochemically in the absence of stimulation. Upon exposure to PMA, resident macrophages are still largely unresponsive. Approximately 20% of the casein elicited macrophages and BCG-PPD activated macrophages exhibit H2O2 staining, which is largely restricted to the cytoplasmic vesicles and channels induced by PMA in these cells. The only exception to this staining pattern is a small population (about 2%) of activated macrophages which exhibits H2O2 staining in the cytoplasmic vesicles and channels and on the plasmalemma as well.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041150216
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative aspects of oxidative metabolism of neutrophils from human blood and guinea pig peritonea: Magnitude of the respiratory burst, dependence upon stimulating agents, and localization of the oxidases (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 105 (1980), S. 541-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have compared the subcellular sites of H2O2 and presumably also superoxide-(O2-) production, and certain aspects of metabolic responses (O2 consumption, O2- production) of stimulated neutrophils from human blood and those elicited into guinea pig peritonea. Stimulation was accomplished with either opsonized zymosan or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Striking quantitative differences were observed between these cell types with regard to the increased respiration and O2- production observed during stimulation. These differences were most apparent when opsonized zymosan served as the stimulating agent. They were minimized when the soluble stimulating agent, PMA, was used. With either stimulus, the subcellular sites of H2O2 production were the same for both types of neutrophils, i.e., the plasmalemma and phagosomal membranes. No H2O2 production could be detected cytochemically in the absence of stimulation.Treatment of both unstimulated human blood and elicited guinea pig peritoneal neutrophils with the nonpenetrating, covalently linking reagent, p-diazobenzenesulfonic acid, failed to diminish O2- production upon subsequent stimulation, in contrast to a previous report. These data are discussed in terms of the possible cytological arrangements of the respiratory enzyme(s), and the different modes of stimulation of neutrophil metabolism by various agents. Ancillary data on elicited mouse peritoneal neutrophils are presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041050319
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of alkaline phosphatase in choriocarcinoma cells by 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine, mitomycin C, phleomycin, and cyclic nucleotides (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 92 (1977), S. 221-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Alkaline phosphatase is induced in cultured human choriocarcinoma cells by three inhibitors of DNA synthesis which alter DNA structure: 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine, mitomycin C, and phleomycin. No induction is observed with the inhibitors, hydroxyurea and thymidine, which do not alter DNA structure. Cyclic AMP, analogs of cyclic nucleotides, and sodium butyrate also induce alkaline phosphatase in these cells. Among the cyclic nucleotides tested, dibutyryl cyclic AMP is the best inducer, whereas dibutyryl cyclic GMP is a poor inducer.Induction of alkaline phosphatase by inhibitors of DNA synthesis or by exposure to dibutyryl cyclic AMP appears to utilize different mechanisms. Maximum induction is observed after simultaneous addition of both types of inducers at the concentrations found to be optimal for each inducer alone. Under these conditions, the induced activity is equal to or greater than the sum of the activities induced by each inducer. RNA synthesis and protein synthesis are required for induction.Dibutyryl cyclic AMP added to cultures of choriocarcinoma cells is not degraded in the culture medium, but is extensively degraded in the cells. Nevertheless, significant amounts of dibutyryl and monobutyryl cyclic AMP are found intracellularly throughout the experiment. Since the cellular uptake of dibutyryl cyclic AMP is extremely slow, the amount of butyrate released by intracellular degradation cannot account for the observed induction. Neither the rate of uptake nor the stability of dibutyryl cyclic AMP are changed by the addition of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine to the culture medium. Furthermore, 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine inhibits the induction by sodium butyrate. The results indicate that butyrate is not the major mediator of induction by dibutyryl cyclic AMP.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040920210
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