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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; hemocytes ; inhibition of encapsulation ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera hosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ichneumonide Campoletis sonorensis Carlson, endoparasitoïde larvaire, se développe dans de nombreuses espèces de Lépidoptères. Son statut de généraliste est dû, notamment, à son aptitude à déjouer les défenses immunitaires de ses hôtes, c.a.d. la formation d'une capsule d'hémocytes autour de l'oeuf ou de la larve parasite. Cependant, chez le noctuide Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, C. sonorensis est encapsulé dans 40% des larves qu'il parasite. Nous avons étudié la population hémocytaire de deux catégories de larves de S. frugiperda, celles qualifiées de ‘résistantes’ à C. sonorensis, et qui arrêtent son développement, et celles ‘susceptibles’ où le parasitoïde échappe à l'encapsulation. Cinq types d'hémocytes ont été identifiés: les prohémocytes (PR), les sphérulocytes (SP), les granulocytes (GR), les plasmatocytes (PL) et les oenocytoïdes (OE). Chez les hôtes susceptibles et résistants, le parasite provoque une baisse identique de la concentration totale des hémocytes dans l'hémolymphe (THC). Par contre, les PLs sont davantage affectés chez les hôtes susceptibles que chez ceux résistants au parasitoïde. Les résultats montrent que, chez les hôtes susceptibles, 1) le nombre des PLs dans l'hémolymphe est davantage diminué, et 2) leur aptitude d'adhérence in vitro est davantage inhibée. Il existe donc une corrélation positive entre le degré de pathologies qui affectent les PLs de l'hôte et l'incapacité de celui-ci à encapsuler le parasitoïde. Ceci tend à démontrer le rôle-clé des PLs dans la réaction immunitaire d'encapsulation chez S. frugiperda, comme chez de nombreux insectes. De plus, ce résultat renforce l'hypothèse selon laquelle C. sonorensis éviterait l'encapsulation en agissant sur les hémocytes de l'hôte, et plus particulièrement sur les PLs. Inversement aux PLs, les GRs sont moins abondants dans l'hémolymphe des hôtes qui encapsulent C. sonorensis. Les GRs pourraient donc participer à la formation de la capsule hémocytaire. Il est possible que plusieurs facteurs contribuent à protéger C. sonorensis de l'encapsulation. Néanmoins, les pathologies affectant les hémocytes des hôtes parasités sont probablement une manifestation majeure de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Les effets de C. sonorensis sur les hémocytes des larves parasitées peuvent être reproduits chez des larves saines, en leur injectant de ‘venin’ extrait des glandes du calyx des femelles parasitoïdes. Ces sécrétions provenant de la glande du calyx, et normalement injectées dans l'hôte lors de l'oviposition, sont probablment responsable, au moins en partie, de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Ces résultats peuvent être comparés à ceux obtenus chez l'hôte Heliothis virescens Fabricius (lépidoptère, noctuide) qui n'encapsule jamais C. sonorensis. Bien que le parasitoïde provoque les mêmes effets pathologiques sur les hémocytes des hôtes de S. frugiperda et d'H. virescens, on constate que l'effet apparait quelques heures après l'oviposition chez H. virescens, contre 48 heures post-oviposition chez S. frugiperda. Ce délai pourrait contribuer à la résistance immunitaire de certaines larves de S. frugiperda, ‘résistantes’, à C. sonorensis.
    Notes: Abstract The egg and larval stages of the generalist endoparasitoid Campoletis sonorensis Carlson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which normally avoid the hemocytic reaction of many Lepidopteran host species, are encapsulated in 40% of Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. The effect of parasitism on inhibiting the spreading ability of S. frugiperda plasmatocytes in vitro is more pronounced in susceptible larvae which fail to encapsulate the parasitoid than in resistant ones permitting parasitoid development. This suggests that induction of plasmatocyte pathology is relevant to the successful evasion of encapsulation by the parasitoid. Some granular cells disappear from the hemolymph of the parasitized resistant larvae, which implicates their involvement in the encapsulation reaction. Calyx fluid of C. sonorensis injected into host larvae produced effects on host hemocytes identical to natural parasitism. Several mechanism may cooperate to protect the parasitoid from encapsulation. The pathological reactions by the host plasmatocytes is one main manifestation of the ‘immunosuppressive’ parasitoid effect. Results are discussed in regard to the known effects of C. sonorensis on Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval hemocytes which are totally unable to respond with a successful cellular defense reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structural characteristics of epithelial cells of the anal vesicle in the hymenopteran parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), are similar to those of transport cells. Apical and basal infoldings, an abundance of mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes and pinocytotic vesicles all indicate a transport function for these epithelial cells. The medial portions of both Malpighian tubules located within the anal vesicle also were examined and on the basis of morphology appear to be active. These observations support earlier physiological data which indicate that the anal vesicle functions in absorption of nutrients and excretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; Virus ; Pupa ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphogenesis of virus particles associated with the calyx region of the lateral oviduct of the ichneumonid parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis is initiated during a specific phase of pupal development. The extent of body pigmentation proved to be the most reliable visual marker for correlation of induction of virus replication with particular phases of pupal development. Parasitoids removed from their pupal cases at 15 and 16 days after egg deposition were categorized into one of four developmental groups based on the degree of pigmentation. Viruses were not evident in the calyx cells of pupae representing the intial developmental stage, however, in all subsequent stages the concentration of particles gradually increased as development progressed. Observations of freeze-fractured tissue support previous suppositions that the viruses bud through the nuclear envelope following synthesis de novo within the nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eggs of a number of cockroach species are parasitized by Tetrastichus hagenowii. The ultrastructure of the sensilla on the antennae of females and males was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The females have two types of multiporous plate sensilla while the males have only one. Type 1 is found in females and males and has a relatively thin cuticular wall and many pores, while type 2 is found only in females and has a relatively thick cuticular wall and few pores. Both sexes have nonporous, thick-walled, socketed hairs; multiporous, nonsocketed hairs; multiporous, thick-walled pegs; and terminal hairs. In addition, males have multiporous, nonsocketed, long hairs. The sensilla are similar, in many respects, to the sensilla of other chalcid parasitoids. The antennal sensilla of female T. hagenowii are probably involved in ovipositional behavior. The multiporous, long hairs of the male possibly receive stimuli during mating behavior A chemoreceptive function is proposed for the multiporous plate sensilla.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 185-195 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A reduction in free ribosomes and increases in rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes in follicle cells during oogenesis suggest their involvement in supplying precursor material for synthesis of the vitelline and chorionic membranes of the ichneumonid parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis. The inner region of the vitelline membrane is composed of a narrow band of electron-opaque material; an outer region adjacent to the chorion consists of overlapping, irregularly shaped laminae. The fully developed chorion can be divided morphologically into three distinct regions. Its inner region adjacent to the lamellar plates of the vitelline membrane is composed of a lamellar membrane exhibiting a regular periodicity of crossbands. The middle section is composed of longitudinal chambers, some of which contain particulate matter. The outer region consists of slender projections which extend perpendicularly from the chorion surface. A fine layer of fibrous material adheres to the projections. The possibility of a relationship between the presence of fibrous material on the surface of parasitoid eggs and the inactivation or inhibition of host immune systems is mentioned.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the insemination-induced flight muscle degeneration (histolysis) in the queen fire ant (Solenopsis spp.) has been investigated. Within 2 hours post-insemination, degenerative changes are detectable in the most peripheral fasciculi of the fibrillar flight muscle. Histolysis proceeds internally with time. Myofibril (sarcomere) dissolution begins with myofilament breakdown and continues until only free Z-line material remains. The latter subsequently disappears leaving, at the terminal stages, only nuclei, lamellar bodies (myelin figures), and tracheoles as residual myoid elements. Lysosomes and/or phagocytes do not appear to play a primary role in the initiation and continuance of this process.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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