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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 12 (1983), S. 511-524 
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: homosexuality ; transsexualism ; aggressiveness ; gender identity ; effeminacy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was the development of a self-report measure of boyhood aggressiveness for use with adult males. Aggressiveness was defined as a generalized disposition to engage in physically combative or competitive interactions with male peers. This attribute is of sexological interest because of the reported difference in physical aggressiveness between heterosexual and homosexual boys. A physical aggressiveness scale (PAS) was constructed from items regarding boyhood athletic interest and proficiency, as well as fighting with and feelings of unease around male peers. The PAS and Part A of the Feminine Gender Identity Scale for males (FGIS(A), Freund et al.,1977) were administered to 193 adult men. The PAS was shown to be reliable and factorially pure. The PAS scores of homosexuals were significantly lower than those of heterosexuals, and the scores of male-to-female transsexuals were lower yet. No differences were found among three heterosexual groups: prison inmates and nonuniversity- and university-educated males. Precisely symmetrical results were obtained with the FGIS(A), with the male-to-female transsexuals scoring highest and the heterosexuals lowest. Group differences in FGIS(A) scores were greater than those in PAS scores; this was interpreted as possible evidence that physical aggressiveness is more sensitive than gender identity to variables uncorrelated with erotic preference, e.g., perceptual-motor ability, rate of physical maturation, etc. The main results suggest that whatever underlying factor relates homosexuality to feminine gender identity in childhood relates this erotic preference to anomalously low levels of physical aggressiveness in childhood as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 12 (1983), S. 149-157 
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: gender reorientation ; transsexualism ; management of gender disorders ; sex reassignment surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The present research examined the relationship, in a sample of female-to-male transsexuals, between psychological and social adjustment, on the one hand, and gender reorientation (approximation of the status of the opposite biological sex) on the other. This work was conducted in two stages. The quantification of the gender reorientation construct was investigated in Study 1. A gender reorientation index (GRI) was developed and subjected to standard tests of psychometric adequacy. The GRI proved to be reliable and to have a satisfactory factorial composition, and it was considered an adequate measure of gender reorientation for use in the second study. Study 2 investigated the relationship between symptomatic depression and tension, involvement with a female partner, and gender reorientation. Four stepwise multiple regression analyses were carried out, one for each of four criterion variables (depression, tension, partner-involvement, and the MMPI Lie Scale). The predictor variables, gender reorientation and age, were the same in each analysis. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between depression and gender reorientation and between tension and gender reorientation, and a significant positive correlation between involvement with a female partner and gender reorientation. The GRI did not correlate with the MMPI Lie Scale, and age was not significantly related to any of the criterion variables. Thus, the present findings support the notion that gender reorientation is accompanied by improved psychological and social adjustment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 12 (1983), S. 503-509 
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: gender reorientation ; transsexualism ; gender disorders ; sex reassignment surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the relationship, in a sample of male-to-female transsexuals, between psychological and social adjustment, on the one hand, and gender reorientation (approximation of the status of the opposite biological sex), on the other. Three gender reorientation variables were studied: exogenous female hormones, vaginoplasty, and social feminization (adoption of the female gender role at home and in the transsexual's social life and the procurement of documents indicating the female sex). These three gender reorientation variables plus age were employed as predictor variables in a series of multiple regression analyses. Five stepwise regression analyses were carried out, one for each of five criterion variables (depression, tension, involvement with a male partner, cohabitation with a male partner, and the MMPI Lie Scale). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between depression and social feminization and between tension and social feminization, and a significant positive correlation between cohabitation with a male partner and vaginoplasty. Neither the MMPI Lie Scale nor the simple fact of having been “involved” with a male partner at some point during the past year correlated significantly with any of the predictor variables. These results indicate that gender reorientation is associated with better psychological and social adjustment in male-to-female transsexuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: gender identity ; social desirability ; transsexualism ; transvestism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract This study showed that the “socially desirable” presentation for a heterosexual male gender dysphoric is one that emphasizes traits and behaviors characteristic of “classic” transsexualism. Fifty-one homosexual and 64 heterosexual adult male gender patients were administered the Crowne-Marlowe (1964) Social Desirability Scale as well as eight questionnaire measures that tapped various features of the clinical history commonly given great weight in differential diagnosis. The tendency for a heterosexual subject to describe himself in terms of moral excellence or admirable personal qualities was significantly correlated with scores in the “transsexual” direction on all eight sexological measures; for the homosexual subjects, only one correlation was significant. It is argued that the patients most motivated to create a favorable impression on the examiner are likely to be those most anxious to obtain approval for sex reassignment surgery. Because, in this population, the socially desirable presentation is “feminine,” it is possible that the differences in the histories produced by transvestites and heterosexual transsexuals are exaggerated to an unknown degree by the motivation of the latter to obtain approval for this operation. The findings do not diminish the important distinction between these groups, but they do suggest caution in interpreting the self-report data that have been used in comparing them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 11 (1982), S. 49-63 
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: cross-gender identity ; erotic sex preference ; transvestism ; transsexualism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A revision of the typology of male cross-gender identity was carried out by means of formalized, easily replicable methods. The results suggest (1) that there are two discrete types of cross-gender identity, one heterosexual, the other homosexual; (2) that transvestism, and closely related conditions of cross-gender identity, occur exclusively or almost exclusively in heterosexuals; (3) that of the two types of transsexualism distinguished in this study, type A is, in heterosexuals, very rare or completely nonexistent; (4) that (in the course of time) transvestites or borderline transsexuals (defined below) may develop sustained cross-gender identity, as observed by Stoller (1971); (5) that although, according to Hoenig and Kenna (1974), transsexualism by itself is not an anomalous erotic preference, it is (virtually) always either preceded by transvestism or accompanied by homosexuality or cross-gender fetishism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 16 (1987), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: transsexualism ; transvestism ; gender dysphoria ; homosexuality ; sex ratio ; gender identity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated why more males than females complain of dissatisfaction with their anatomical sex (gender dysphoria). New referrals to a university gender identity clinic were dichotomously classified as heterosexual or homosexual. There were 73 heterosexual and 52 homosexual males; 1 heterosexual and 71 homosexual females. The average heterosexual male was 8 years older at inception than the homosexual groups. The heterosexual males reported that their first cross-gender wishes occurred around the time they first cross-dressed, whereas the homosexual groups reported that cross-gender wishes preceded cross-dressing by 3–4 years. Some history of fetishistic arousal was acknowledged by over 80% of the heterosexual males, compared to fewer than 10% of homosexual males and no homosexual females. The results suggest that males are not differentially susceptible to gender dysphoria per se, but rather that they are differentially susceptible to one of the predisposing conditions, namely, fetishistic transvestism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 141 (1989), S. 142-147 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A differentiation-defective mouse myoblast subclone (DD-1), cells of which do not fuse into myotubes nor synthesize muslce-specific proteins, was employed to help define the role of eicosanoids in mouse myoblast differentiation. We observed by hplc, tIc, and radioimmunoassay that the DD-1 cells release strikingly higher levels of cyclooxygenase pathway products prostaglandin E2 and F2α into the culture medium than the parental non-differentiation-defective cells (DZ). In contrast, the levels of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), a lipoxygenase product, and a putatively identified second lipoxygenase product (LLP) did not differ greatly in the two cell types. The DD-1 cells also have strikingly higher levels of cyclooxygenase activity than the parental cells as determined by intact and broken cell assays. Additional fusion-defective clones were isolated on the basis of their flattened appearance and ability to grow in “mitogen-poor” medium and these cells also released strikingly higher levels of prostaglandins E2 and F2α into the growth medium. The “turn on” of the cyclooxygenase pathway in the DD-1 cells and other fusion-defective cells is consistent with the hypothesis that the products of this pathway contribute to the inability of myoblasts to fuse with one another. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that there is a dose-dependent decrease in fusion of DZ cells when PGE2 is added to commitment medium.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 531-537 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The hepatic lobules of the family Suidae are unusually large, completely surrounded by fibrous tissue, and supplied by relatively large branches of the hepatic artery. The interlobular septa carry small branches of the artery, vein and bile ducts of the adjacent portal tracts and may be regarded as attenuated extensions of the portal tracts. The hepatic lobules of Tayassuidae and Hippopotamidae lack these distinctive features.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cerebellar and cerebral cortices were frozen under various conditions; within 30 seconds of circulatory arrest, after eight minutes of asphyxiation, after ten minutes of perfusion with glutaraldehyde and after perfusion with this fixative and osmium tetroxide postfixation. Ethanol was used as the solvent in freeze substitution of these tissues. The resulting EMs closely resembled those of similar material freeze substituted in acetone. There were no differences in extracellular space even though differences have been reported between the space in EMs of conventionally fixed material dehydrated with ethanol or acetone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Dynamics 196 (1993), S. 237-238 
    ISSN: 1058-8388
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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