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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of chromosome instability of tissue fields at risk: In situ hybridization (1996)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 63 (1996), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: cancer risk ; genetic instability ; in situ hybridization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Many human tumors are thought to develop along a multistep pathway in tissues that have encountered long periods of carcinogen exposure and thus have accumulated genetic hits in functional targets relevant to tumor evolution. The cumulative degree of genetic change is dependent on both exogenous (e.g., degree of carcinogen exposure) and endogenous factors (e.g., metabolism of procarcinogens, repair or misrepair capacity, proliferation properties of the tissue, capability of damaged cells to survive). Thus one approach to risk estimation is to measure the accumulated amount of genetic damage in a target tissue at risk for tumor development. Since one cannot predict the exact site of the future tumor, the risk assay must detect a generalized ongoing process of genetic instability from small, random biopsies. The technique of chromosome in situ hybridization involves the use of chromosome- or region-specific probes and provides an ability to directly visualize genetic change (e.g., random or clonal chromosome polysomy and monosomy) on thin tissue sections (where tissue architecture is maintained) or exfoliated cells. Analyses of normal and premalignant lesions adjacent to tumors (e.g., head and neck, lung, bladder, cervix, breast) have demonstrated that chromosome instability can be detected in the field of the tumor (i.e., in normal and premalignant cells in a tissue at 100% risk of tumor development) and the degree of chromosome instability increases with the degree of histologic progression toward cancer. Analyses of premalignant lesions (e.g., oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia from individuals at risk for aerodigestive tract cancer) by chromosome in situ hybridization have uncovered varying degrees of chromosome instability. However, approximately half of those individuals who showed a high degree of chromosome instability in biopsies subsequently developed aerodigestive tract cancer. Of interest, half of these tumors have developed away from the biopsied site, suggesting that the detection of a chromosome instability process in one aspect of the tissue might yield risk information for the total tissue field. These studies also suggest that chromosome in situ hybridization might be useful for identifying individuals with high tumor risk who might benefit from chemopreventive intervention. J. Cell. Biochem. 25S:57-62. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micronuclei: A potential intermediate marker for chemoprevention of aerodigestive tract cancer (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 250-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: chemoprevention ; intermediate markers ; micronuclei ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Because they may be used as a quantifiable estimate of the extent of recent DNA injury, micronuclei, extrachromosomal fragments of DNA, are among the most studied potential intermediate markers of cancer chemoprevention. Serial measurements of micronuclei frequency may be easily performed on scrapings from the oral cavity or on bronchial brushings. Assessment of micronuclei frequency and its response to chemopreventive agents has been incorporated into studies of upper aerodigestive tract and lung cancer chemoprevention. These studies have helped define the characteristics of micronuclei and have suggested a role for this test in future chemoprevention studies. Micronuclei frequency has been shown to be increased in the oral and bronchial mucosa of individuals with known carcinogen exposure and is higher at the site of the greatest carcinogen exposure, such as the site where tobacco quids are held, than in grossly normal-appearing mucosa. Treatment with chemopreventive agents leads to a reduction in micronuclei frequency. In oral leukoplakia studies, this effect followed treatment with β-carotene, retinol, α-tocopherol, and 13-cis-retinoic acid. The multistep process of epithelial carcinogenesis results from DNA damage and specific genetic events. That micronuclei reflect ongoing DNA injury suggests the hypothesis that long term suppression of cellular genotoxicity, as reflected by a reduction in micronuclei frequency, ultimately leads to a reduction in cancer incidence.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240531037
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intermediate biomarkers in upper aerodigestive tract and lung chemoprevention trials (1992)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 50 (1992), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: chemoprevention ; field cancerization ; intermediate biomarker ; premalignant lesions ; upper aerodigestive tract cancer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Chemoprevention trials in lung and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer are guided by the field cancerization hypothesis. Inhaled carcinogens place the entire epithelial lining at risk for the development of cancer. The hypothesis is supported by the occurrence of premalignant lesions, such as leukoplakia or squamous metaplasia, and multiple primary tumors within the field. The concept of carcinogenesis as a multistep process suggests the possibility of blocking or reversing the progression to invasive cancer with systemic treatment. A series of ongoing clinical trials will determine the efficacy of retinoid chemoprevention and will attempt to develop intermediate biomarkers. Biomarkers which reliably reflect progression towards cancer could be used to dramatically improve the efficiency of chemoprevention trials and also would aid in screening potential chemoprevention agents. Genomic biomarkers include non-specific estimates of ongoing DNA injury, such as micronuclei, as well as development of aneuploidy and alterations in oncogenes. A class of biomarkers of increasing importance assess proliferation and growth regulation, and include proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), TGF-β, EGFR and retinoid receptors. Other markers, such as the blood group antigens, reflect differentiation and may be associated with the development of premalignant lesions. Preliminary data from several of these markers has suggested and association with carcinogenic exposures and premalignant lesions, but none of these markers either alone or in panels have yet been validated as a reliable surrogate for the development of invasive cancer. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240501106
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinoids and chemoprevention: Clinical and basic studies (1995)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 59 (1995), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; carcinogenesis ; cervical cancer ; chemoprevention ; head and neck cancer ; lung cancer ; skin cancer ; retinoids ; retinoid receptors ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Retinoids, which include natural vitamin A (retinol) and its esters and synthetic analogues, are the best-studied class of agents in chemoprevention. There are more than 4,000 different retinoids which have a wide spectrum of preclinical activities, structures, pharmacological profiles, tissue distributions, receptor specificities, and toxicities. A number of retinoids have significant activity in many in vivo experimental systems including skin, bladder, lung, breast and oral carcinogenesis. In clinical trials, several retinoids have achieved significant activity in the reversal of head and neck, skin, and cervical premalignancy, and in the prevention of second primary tumors associated with head and neck, skin, and non-small cell lung cancer. Since 1984, our group has conducted a series of clinical trials to explore the chemopreventive potential of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cRA) in the aerodigestive tract. We have conducted two consecutive randomized studies in subjects with premalignant lesions of the oral cavity. These studies showed that high-dose 13cRA alone can achieve significant short-term reversal of oral premalignancy, and that high-dose followed by low-dose 13cRA can maintain suppression of oral carcinogenesis. Three other randomized trials have confirmed significant retinoid activity in this human carcinogenic system. We also developed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant high-dose 13cRA in patients with head and neck cancer. Second primary tumor development was significantly decreased in the 13cRA group, but 13cRA had no impact on primary disease recurrence or survival. This presentation will update the current status of clinical trials and correlative laboratory studies of potential intermediate endpoint biomarkers in retinoid chemoprevention of aerodigestive tract carcinogenesis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240590802
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