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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    D-ala2-Metenkephalinamide blocks the synaptically elicited cortical spreading depression in rats (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 625-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat cortex ; spreading depression ; D-ala2-metenkephalinamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spreading depression (SD) was elicited in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital by a train of 8 electrical pulses (0.1 ms, 10 Hz) applied to parietal cortex. Local application of 50 μg of D-ala2-metenkephalinamide (DAME) on the stimulated area evoked one or two SD waves followed by an increase of SD threshold from 40 V to 90 V. This effect could be partly prevented by naloxone (1 mg/kg i.p.) and reversed by local application of 4-aminopyridine (10−3 M, 2 μl), which reduced SD threshold to 5 and 20 V in normal and DAME-treated cortex, respectively. It is argued that DAME exerts an inhibitory effect on cortical neurons and that the initial SD facilitation is due to initial blockade of inhibitory neurons in the superficial cortical layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02007690
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operant control of the pattern of licking in rats (1985)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 58 (1985), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Licking ; Central pacemaker ; Periodic activity ; Feedback controlled movement ; Joint interval histograms ; Computer controlled experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to slow down the highly regular rate of licking by instrumental conditioning, 10 rats were trained to obtain their daily ration of water in an apparatus equipped with a retractable drinking spout. Termination of a photoelectrically monitored lick started a computer controlled delay during wich the spout was made inaccesible. The subsequent return of the spout was either permanent or limited to a time window (D or W conditions). The cycle was reset by each lick. With stationary spout, the interlick intervals (ILIs) were around 210±16 ms (median and interquartile range). The spout return was gradually delayed during 22 sessions from 140 to 260 ms and limited to a 260–340 ms window during 11 sessions. A session consisted of 512 licks with stationary spout followed by 7×512 licks under D or W conditions. Two rats were able to smoothly adjust to the limited spout availability by increasing median ILI to 290 ms. Four rats generated bimodal ILI distributions indicating gradual reduction of tongue protrusion to an undetected lick followed by abrupt increase of lick amplitude. Three rats increased the median ILI to 260 ms and the interquartile range to 80–150 ms. The above changes of lick pattern allowed the rats to attain tongue-spout contact in 41 to 89% licks. It is concluded that the rats can substantially slow down their lick rate provided that they receive feedback information about the failure or success of each lick.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238959
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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