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  • Myeloperoxidase  (4)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid  (1)
  • Entzündung  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Myeloperoxidase ; hydrogen peroxide ; monocytes-macrophages ; bactericidal activity ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme located within polymorphonuclear neutrophils capable of producting cytotoxic oxidant species that are particularly active against bacteria with polysaccharide capsules.Pseudomonas aeruginosa (106 bacteria per 1 ml) are killed within 1 h in vitro by a MPO/H2O2/Cl− system (48 mU=132 ng of MPO). The question arose as to whether human macrophages would acquire cytotoxic activity when loaded with this enzyme. Monocytes were therefore isolated from human blood and cultured for up to ten days to induce maturation to macrophages. These cells lost endogenous MPO within five days while H2O2 production in response to stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate (10−6M) decreased to 23% within ten days. On the other hand, their capacity to take up exogenous MPO increased fourfold from day three to day ten. Human macrophages cultured from eight days (when both H2O2 production and MPO uptake were sufficient) were therefore used to study the effects of MPO uptake on cytocidal activity againstPseudomonas aeruginosa. After a 1 h MPO loading period, macrophages (5×105 cells per ml) were incubated in the presence of bacteria (0.5 to 2×106 bacteria per ml) for 2 h at 37°C. At a bacteria/macrophage ratio of 1, only 34.8±7.0% of bacteria survived (compared to killing by non-loaded macrophages), while 74.4±9.3% survived at a ratio of 4. From these results, we conclude that loading macrophages with exogenous MPO could enhance their microbicidal activity, suggesting a potentially useful therapeutic application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 20 (1994), S. 602-610 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Exercise ; Leukocyte ; Inflammatory response ; Cytokine ; Endotoxin ; Myeloperoxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An increasing body of data suggest that strenuous exercise triggers an inflammatory response having some similarity with those occurring in sepsis. Indices of this inflammatory response to exercise (IRE) especially include leukocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators and acute phase reactants, tissue damage, priming of various white blood cell lines, production of free radicals; activation of complement, coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades. Inflammatory responses to strenuous exercise and sepsis could in part be due to the release of endotoxin in blood as common triggering factor, but it seems that tissue damage and/or contact system activation are more important triggering mechanisms in exercising subjects. While the magnitude and duration of cellular and humoral changes associated with IRE are quite different from those observed in sepsis, recent human studies suggested that chronic and/or excessive IRE could have adverse effects. Among the possible consequences of acute and chronic IRE are delayed onset muscular soreness and loss of force, cardiovascular complications, intravascular hemolysis, hypoferraemia and increased susceptibility to infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Severe acute pancreatitis ; Thoracic duct ; Adult respiratory distress syndrome ; Respiratory failure ; Trypsin ; Myeloperoxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thoracic duct drainage (TDD) may be of value for removing toxic substances released by the inflamed pancreas and which are responsible for lung damage. We have prospectively assessed the efficacy of TDD in improving pulmonary gas exchange in 12 patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) complicated by persistent respiratory failure despite standard conservative treatment including peritoneal dialysis in 8 patients. In group A were 6 patients (mean Ranson score=7.3) with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and in group B were 6 hypoxemic patients (mean Ranson score=6.6) judged to be at risk of developing ARDS. The duration of TDD ranged from 3 to 10 days and the total amount of drained lymph (L) varied from 770 to 15 600 ml. Immunoreactive trypsin levels were significantly higher in L when compared to blood in both groups. Leukocyte myeloperoxidases in L (normal value 〈 than 332±82 ng/ml in plasma) were increased in 5 of 5 group A patients (830±317 ng/ml) and in 3 of 6 patients in group B (671±467 ng/ml). After TDD pulmonary gas exchange as measured by median PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg) improved from 148±60 to 285±42 in group A and from 192±37 to 330±42 in group B (p〈0.05). All patients were weaned after ventilation for a mean of 8 days in group A and 4 days in group B. All patients survived apart from 1 group B patient who died of sepsis on day 34. These data suggest that TDD, by allowing removal of potential mediators of lung injury is of major therapeutic value in ARDS complicating SAP. This approach may also prevent further respiratory impairment in susceptible patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Viral meningitis ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Herpes simplex virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two sexually active female patients presented with acute meningitis. The CSF abnormalities were severe and persistent. In spite of the absence of genital lesions, serological studies revealed a primary infection by herpes simplex virus type 2. An immunoblot study revealed intrathecal synthesis of anti-herpes antibodies early in the course of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Exercise ; Endotoxin ; Anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies ; Tumour necrosis factor α ; Myeloperoxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To examine whether endotoxaemia accompanying long-term, strenuous physical exercise is involved in exercise-induced increase in plasma tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentration and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) activation, 14 male recreational athletes [mean age 28 (SEM 1) years] were studied. Exercise consisted of a 1.5-km river swim, a 40-km bicycle race, and a 10-km road race. Mean time to complete the race was 149.8 (SEM 4.8) min. The plasma concentrations of granulocyte myeloperoxidase (MPO) and TNF-α were significantly higher than baseline values immediately and 1 h after exercise (P 〈 0.001). Both variables returned to pre-race levels the day after exercise. Marked, transient decreases in plasma concentrations of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies directed against a panel of selected smooth gram-negative LPS were observed after the race, reaching in most cases minimal values in the blood sample drawn immediately following the completion of the triathlon. There was no significant correlation between the magnitude of PMN activation, as assessed by the increase in plasma concentrations of MPO, and the humoral markers of endotoxaemia and TNF-α. An inverse, highly significant relationship between the increase in plasma TNF-α concentrations and the changes in circulating anti-LPS IgM antibodies concentrations was observed (r = −0.7; P 〈 0.01). These findings suggest that exercise-induced endotoxaemia was involved in the release of TNF-α, that the magnitude of the TNF-α response to exercise was down-regulated by anti-LPS antibodies of the IgM class, and that the production of TNF-α and endotoxaemia did not seem to play a role in the activation of circulating PMN in the exercising subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 36 (1999), S. 500-513 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Myeloperoxidase ; Oxidation ; Entzündung ; Key words Myeloperoxidase ; Oxidation ; Inflammation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Human myeloperoxidase (MPO; EC 1.11.1.7) is a specific heme (Fe3+) peroxidase, present in high concentrations in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Its amino acid and genomic sequences have been elucidated, and recombinant MPO is produced from genetically engineered mammalian cells. This peroxidase has the unique activity of chlorination, generating hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from hydrogen peroxide and chloride anion, but also chlorine and monoatomic chlorine. By interacting with other enzymes of neutrophils and reacting with the products of neutrophil activation, MPO also produces other reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, nitrosyl and nitryl chloride, etc.). In phagolysosomes, MPO acts together with NADPH oxidase and proteases for the destruction of the ingested organisms, by binding to the microorganism walls and producing locally HOCl, which is particularly active against the polysaccharidic capsules. MPO activity influences the transduction of the cellular signal (activation of NF-κB, chlorination of tyrosyl residues on essential enzymes, etc.) and modulates the functions of cells: it decreases the killer activity of NT lymphocytes and, after internalization, it enhances the microbial activity of macrophages. MPO is taken up by endothelial cells. MPO deficiency is the most common neutrophilic lysosomal enzyme deficiency, but usually without apparent increased susceptibility to infection or altered inflammatory response. MPO has been recognized to be responsible for the oxidation and chlorination of low density lipoproteins, contributing to the early stage of atherosclerosis. In disease with excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory reaction, MPO can be released in the extracellular milieu where it becomes cytotoxic for neighboring cells (oxidant stress) and oxidizes tissues and proteins (thiol oxidation, oxidation and chlorination of lipids and amino acids, etc.). Out of the neutrophil, the activity of MPO would be quickly inhibited by proteins; however, active MPO has been measured in broncho-alveolar lavage fluids from patients with acute lung injury. This specific enzyme, thus, presents a double role of essential host protection when acting into the phagocytes and of host damage when released in the extracellular milieu.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die menschliche Myeloperoxidase (MPO; EC 1.11.1.7) ist eine spezifische Haem-(Fe3+)-Peroxidase, welche hochkonzentriert in den azurophilischen Granula der Neutrophilen vorkommt. Ihre Aminosäure und genomische Sequenz wurde bereits geklärt, und rekombinierte MPO wird inzwischen aus genetisch-manipulierten Säugerzellen hergestellt. Diese Peroxidase hat eine einmalige Chlorinationsaktivität, welche Hypochlorsäure (HOCl) aus Wasserstoffperoxid und Chloridanionen, aber auch aus Chlor und monoatomarem Chlor generieren kann. Durch eine Interaktion mit anderen Neutrophilenzymen und Reaktion mit den Produkten der Neutrophilaktivierung produziert MPO auch andere reaktive Sauerstoffabkömmlinge (Singlett-Sauerstoff, das Hydroxylradikal, Nitrosyl und Nitrylchlorid…). In Phagolysosomen bewirkt MPO zusammen mit der NADPH-Oxidase und Proteasen die Zerstörung der ingestierten Organismen, indem es sich an die Wände der Mikroorganismen bindet und HOCl vor Ort produziert, welches besonders gegen die Polysaccharidkapseln aktiv ist. Die MPO-Aktivität beeinflußt die Übermittlung des Zellsignals (Aktivierung von NF-κB, Chlorination der Tyrosylreste auf essentiellen Enzymen…) und moduliert verschiedene Funktionen der Zellen: es vermindert die Killeraktivität der NT-Lymphozyten und verstärkt, nach Internalisation die mikrobielle Aktivität der Makrophagen. MPO wird von Endothelzellen aufgenommen. Ein MPO-Mangel stellt die häufigste Form des Neutrophil-Lyosom-Enzymmangels dar, tritt aber meistens ohne eine offensichtlich erhöhte Anfälligkeit gegen Infektionen oder eine veränderte Entzündungsantwort auf. MPO wird für die Oxidierung und Chlorination von niedrigdichten Lipoproteinen, welche in der frühen Phase der Atherosklerose eine Rolle spielen, verantwortlich gemacht. In von übermäßiger und unkontrollierter Entzündung charakterisierten Erkrankungen kann MPO ins extrazelluläre Milieu freigesetzt werden, wo es zytotoxisch auf benachbarte Zellen wirkt und Gewebe und Proteine oxidiert (Thioloxidierung, Oxidierung und Chlorination von Lipiden und Aminosäuren…). Außerhalb der Neutrophilen wird die MPO-Aktivität rasch durch Proteine inhibiert, aber aktives MPO wird auch in der broncho-alveolären Spülflüssigkeit bei Patienten mit akuter Lungenverletzung gemessen. Dieses spezifische Enzym entwickelt daher eine Doppelrolle, sowohl hinsichtlich der essentiellen Hostprotektion, wenn es in Phagozyten wirksam ist, als auch von Hostschäden, wenn es in das extrazelluläre Milieu freigesetzt wird.
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