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  • Chemistry  (14)
  • density  (4)
  • Confocal laser scanning microscopy  (2)
  • Flexible Bronchoskopie  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histotomography of the odontoblast processes at the dentine–enamel junction of permanent healthy human teeth in the confocal laser scanning microscope (1998)
    Springer
    Clinical oral investigations 2 (1998), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3771
    Keywords: Key words Dentine ; enamel junction ; Odontoblast processes ; Dentinal tubules ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The translucency of teeth allows the non-destructive subsurface visualisation of their microstructure by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at a level of about 150 μm below the surface. The dentine–enamel junction (DEJ) is accessible only directly adjacent to the cervix of the tooth. Therefore teeth have to be sectioned for studying marginal areas of the dental hard tissue. The potential of the technique for (pseudo) three-dimensional visualisation allows the study of an array of individual confocal images, the interpretation of which is similar to that of macroscopic tomographs (CT-scan, MRI). Additionally, the extended focus mode yields the overlay of individual confocal images in the form of a two-dimensional projection. This mode of operation proved to be particularly suited for the visualisation of odontoblast processes in their whole extension. The three-dimensional junction between enamel and dentine, the branches of the odontoblast processes and their interactions with the DEJ is demonstrable by CLSM without staining or other procedures of sample preparation. The direct microscopic comparison between samples, either fresh or kept in a humid chamber, and Technovit-embedded sample blocks gives evidence that the risk of artefacts by sample storage or by the embedding procedure is minimal. The tomographs limited to subsurface areas of the tissue also exclude mechanical surface artefacts due to grinding or cutting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007840050038
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histotomographische Untersuchungen zur Frage direkt radiogener Schmelzveränderungen (1998)
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 2 (1998), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Strahlenkaries ; In-vitro-Demineralisation ; Konfokale Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie ; Key words Radiation caries ; In vitro demineralisation ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Objective: The volume of literature on radiation-induced caries is still inconsistent as regards the state of the art. Our histotomographic studies have shown direct radiogenic effects on the dentoenamel junction (atrophy of the odontoblast processes). Whether there are direct effects of radiation on dental enamel is not yet known. Material and Method: Sound teeth (group 1, n = 10) were compared either with enamel specimens after high dose in vitro radiation (500– 2500 Gy; group 2; n = 10) and after experimental enoral in situ irradiation (60 Gy; group 3; n = 20), or with teeth from patients after cancer radiotherapy (36 Gy; group 4; n = 20) and with teeth which had obviously decayed due to cancer radiotherapy (60 Gy; group 5; n = 20). Vestibular enamel surfaces of the teeth were exposed to identical in vitro demineralizations (lactic acid gel; pH = 5.0). Each of the samples was prospectively studied histologically by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after 90, 180 and 270 min of acid interaction. Data were interpreted micromorphometrically (width of the demineralized area) and micromorphologically. Results: The width of the demineralized area varies between the two in vivo irradiated groups of specimens (group 4: P 〈 0.01; group 5: P 〈 0.001) and the high dose in vitro irradiated teeth (P 〈 0.01) and is significantly different from the sound controls. The histological image of the demineralization in subsurface areas in the teeth of radiotherapy patients is characterized by a total loss of the prismatic structure (homogeneously, amorphous substance). Conclusions: Direct radiogenic effects at the dentoenamel junction have been described earlier. The additional information offered by this study is that there are significant micromorphometric differences in the demineralizing behaviour of irradiated enamel. Obviously, enamel is less resistant to acid attack after irradiation.
    Notes: Fragestellung: Das umfangreiche Schrifttum zur Strahlenkaries zeigt den kontroversen Forschungsstand. Eigene Untersuchungen haben direkt radiogene Veränderungen an der Schmelz-Dentin-Grenze histotomographisch nachweisen können (Atrophie der Odontoblastenfortsätze). Offen ist die Frage nach direkten Strahlenfolgen im Schmelz. Material und Methode: Gesunde Zähne (Gr. 1, n = 10) wurden mit Proben nach hochdosierter In-vitro- (500–2500 Gy, Gr. 2, n = 20) und nach experimentell-enoraler In-situ-Bestrahlung (60 Gy, Gr. 3, n = 20) sowie mit Zähnen von Patienten nach präoperativer Strahlentherapie (36 Gy, Gr. 4, n = 20) und strahlenkariösen Zähnen nach tumortherapeutischer Strahlendosis (60 Gy, Gr. 5, n = 20) verglichen. Im direkten Parallelgruppenvergleich erfolgte eine standardisierte In-vitro-Demineralisierung (Milchsäuregel pH 5,0) an den vestibulären Schmelzoberflächen. Jede Probe wurde prospektiv histologisch durch konfokale Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie (CLSM) nach 90, 180 und 270 min Entmineralisierung untersucht. Die Auswertung erfolgte mikromorphometrisch (Breite des Demineralisationssaums) und mikromorphologisch. Ergebnisse: Die Breite des Demineralisationssaums unterschied sich sowohl bei beiden in vivo bestrahlten Probengruppen (Gr. 4: p 〈 0,01; Gr. 5: p 〈 0,001) als auch bei den hochdosiert in vitro bestrahlten Zähnen (p 〈 0,01) signifikant von den Befunden der gesunden Kontrollen. Das histologische Bild der Demineralisation an den Zahnoberflächen von Radiotherapiepatienten zeigte dabei einen völligen Verlust der Prismenstruktur (homogen amorphe Substanz). Schlußfolgerungen: Direkte Strahlenfolgen an der Schmelz-Dentin-Grenze wurden in früheren Untersuchungen dargestellt. Zusätzlich konnten jetzt signifikante mikromorphometrische Unterschiede im Demineralisierungsverhalten des bestrahlten Schmelzes gezeigt werden. Offensichtlich ist der Schmelz nach der Bestrahlung für einen Säureangriff weniger resistent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100060050035
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    350. Das flexible Bronchoskop zur Diagnostik und Therapie (1983)
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 361 (1983), S. 904-904 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Flexible bronchofiberscope ; Flexible Bronchoskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Flexible Bronchoskope haben folgende Vorteile gegenüber den starren Geräten: in Lokalanästhesie kann der Patient ambulant untersucht werden. Weiter peripher gelegene, dadurch kleinere Tumore können histologisch gesichert werden. Gezielte Bronchographien mit Absaugung des Kontrastmittels aus der Peripherie sind möglich, kleine Bronchialeinrisse peripher können erkannt werden. Fremdkörper sind auch mit flexiblen Instrumenten leicht zu entfernen. Die postoperative Bronchialtoilette mit dem flexiblen Bronchoskop gewährleistet hohe Effektivität und geringe Verletzungsgefahr des Bronchialepithels. In Diagnostik und Therapie ist das starre durch das flexible Bronchoskop überholt.
    Notes: Summary Flexible bronchoscopes have advantages over rigid instruments. In an outpatient under local anesthesia, more peripheral, smaller tumors can be histologically proved. Bronchography can be performed purposefully with aspiration of the contrast medium. Small peripheral ruptures of the bronchial tree can be recognized. All kinds of foreign bodies can be removed by flexible instruments. Postoperative bronchial cleaning is highly effective and there is only a low risk of injuring the bronchial epithelium. For diagnosis and therapy the rigid instruments are antiquated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276176
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    261. Optimierte Bronchialtoilette mit dem flexiblen Bronchoskop (1983)
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 361 (1983), S. 770-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Flexible bronchofiberscopy ; Bronchial cleansing ; Flexible Bronchoskopie ; Bronchialtoilette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bronchialtoilette beginnt mit Entfernung von Fremdkörpern. Über eine Spezialmaske (Groitl) können diese auch bei Kindern mit flexiblen Bronchoskopen entfernt werden. Die herkömmliche Methode der Katheterabsaugung verletzt das Bronchialepithel erheblich. Mit dem flexiblen Bronchoskop können beide Seiten des Bronchialsystems gleich gut erreicht und von Sekret gereingt werden. Die Technik ist einfach. Jeder auf der Intensivstation tätige Arzt sollte mit dem flexiblen Bronchoskop die Bronchialtoilette durchführen können. Die Erfahrung von ca. 7000 bronchoskopischen Absaugungen erklärt den Erfolg und macht das Blähen bei Atelektasen überflüssig.
    Notes: Summary Cleansing the bronchial tubes includes, first of all, removal of foreign bodies. Via a special mask (Groitl) foreign bodies can be taken out even in children. The usual method suctioning with a catheter can injure the bronchial epithelium. With the flexible bronchofiberscope both sides of the bronchial tree can be reached and cleansed of secretions. The technique is simple, and every physician in an intensive care unit should be able to handle a flexible scope to clean thebronchial tubes. In more than 7,000 cases this method has proven successful and has eliminated the necessity of using the inflating procedure in atelectases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276086
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Special Equations of State for Methane, Argon, and Nitrogen for the Temperature Range from 270 to 350 K at Pressures up to 30 MPa (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 699-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: argon ; caloric properties ; density ; equation of state ; Helmholtz function ; methane ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to describe the thermodynamic behavior of methane, argon, and nitrogen in the so-called “natural-gas region,” namely, from 270 to 350 K at pressures up to 30 MPa as accurate as possible with equations of a very simple form, new equations of state for these three substances have been developed. These equations are in the form of a fundamental equation in the dimensionless Helmholtz energy; for calculating the pressure or the density, the corresponding equations explicit in pressure are also given. The residual parts of the Helmholtz function representing the behavior of the real gas contain 12 fitted coefficients for methane, 8 for argon, and 7 for nitrogen. The thermodynamic relations between the Helmholtz energy and the most important thermodynamic properties and the needed derivatives of the equations are explicitly given; to assist the user there is also a table with values for computer-program verification. The uncertainties when calculating the density ρ, the speed of sound w, the isobaric specific heat capacity c p, and the isochoric specific heat capacity c v are estimated as follows. For all three substances it is Δρ/ρ≤±0.02 % for p≤ 12 MPa and Δρ/ρ ≤ ±0.05% for higher pressures. For methane it is Δw/w≤±0.02% for p≤10 MPa and Δw/w≤+-0.1% for higher pressures; for argon it is Δw/w≲-0.1 % for p≤ 7 MPa, Δw/w≤±0.3 % for 7 〈p≤30 MPa; and for nitrogen it is Δw/w≤±0.1% for p≤1.5 MPa and Δw/w±0.5% for higher pressures. For all three substances it is Δc p/c p≤±1 % and ΔC v/C v≤±1 % in the entire range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new, accurate single-sinker densitometer for temperatures from 233 to 523 K at pressures up to 30 MPa (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 399-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; high temperature ; magnetic suspension balance ; single-sinker densitometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new apparatus for density measurements of fluids in the entire range from gas to liquid densities is presented. The instrument is a single-sinker buoyancy densitometer designed in a completely new way. The buoyancy force exerted by the sample fluid on an immersed sinker (buoy) is transferred by a new type of magnetic suspension coupling to an analytical balance. In order to reduce drastically the linearity error of the (commercial) balance. a special basic load compensation is applied which also avoids any buoyancy ellèct of the laboratory air on the balance. The new single-sinker densitometer covers a density range from 10 to 200(1 kg - m ' at temperatures from 233 to 523 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. A special compact version of such a single-sinker densitometer can even he used at temperatures from 80 to 523 K at pressures up to 100 MPa. Test measurements on densities of carbon dioxide at 233, 360, and 523 K at pressures up to 30 MPa show that the estimated total uncertainty of ±0.02% to ±0.03% in density is clearly met.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01441906
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New Apparatus for Combined Measurements of the Viscosity and Density of Fluids for Temperatures from 233 To 523 K at Pressures up to 30 Mpa (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 485-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: combined viscosity/density measurement ; density ; magnetic suspension balance ; magnetic suspension coupling ; single-sinker densimeter ; viscometer ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new apparatus for measuring the viscosity and density of fluids is presented. The main element of the instrument is an electronically controlled magnetic suspension coupling. For the density measurement (buoyancy principle according to the single-sinker method), this coupling is used for the contactless transfer of the forces acting on a sinker in the measuring cell to an analytical balance. The coupling also serves as a frictionless bearing for a slender rotating cylindrical body which is slowed down due to the viscous drag of the fluid surrounding the cylinder. The viscosity of the fluid can be directly determined from the decay rate of the rotational frequency. The new combined viscometer-densimeter covers a viscosity range of 5 to 150 μPa·s and a density range from 20 to 2000 kg·m−3 at temperatures from 233 to 523 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. Test measurements on the viscosities and densities of nitrogen and carbon dioxide at 253, 293, and 523 K at pressures up to 30 MPa show an estimated total uncertainty of ±0.6 to ±1.0% in viscosity and of ±0.02 to ±0.05% in density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022601003582
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Reference Quality Equation of State for Nitrogen (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 1121-1132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: caloric properties ; density ; equation of state ; nitrogen ; thermodynamic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new formulation describing the thermodynamic properties of nitrogen has been developed. New data sets which have been used to improve the representation of the p–ρ–T surface of gaseous, liquid and supercritical nitrogen, including the saturated states are now available. New measurements on the speed of sound from spherical resonators have been used to improve the accuracy of caloric properties in gaseous and supercritical nitrogen. State-of-the-art algorithms for the optimization of the mathematical structure of the equation and special functional forms for an improved description of the critical region were used to represent even the most accurate data within their experimental uncertainty. The uncertainty in density of the new reference equation of state ranges from ±0.01% between 270 and 350 K at pressures less than 12MPa, within ±0.02% over all other temperatures less than 550 K and pressures less than 12 MPa, and up to a maximum of ±0.6% at the highest pressures. The equation is valid from the triple point to temperatures of 1000 K and pressures up to 2200 MPa. The new formulation yields a reasonable extrapolation up to the limits of chemical stability of nitrogen as indicated by comparison to experimental shock tube data. Constraints regarding the structure of the equation ensure reasonable extrapolated properties up to temperatures and pressures of 5000 K and 25 GPa. For typical calibration applications, the new reference equation is supplemented by a simple but also highly accurate formulation, valid only for supercritical nitrogen between 270 and 350 K at pressures up to 30 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022689625833
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Warum gerade Chemnitz? (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 29 (1995), S. 337-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290611
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Praktische Beobachtungen über die Wirkung der Salicylsäure (1875)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 11 (1875), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.18750110106
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