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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of nylon 6 by organochlorosilanes. I. Chemical reaction (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2097-2108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reaction of nylon 6 with dimethyldichlorosilane and vinylmethyldichlorosilane was investigated. Bright, 20-denier monofilament, nylon 6 yarns with 12.83% nitrogen, 61.16% carbon, and 10.16% hydrogen content were taken. Benzene or toluene was used as solvent for the reagents. The extent of reaction was estimated from the increase in weight of the parent yarn. Reaction was carried in the presence of nitrogen or in atmospheric oxygen (air). The per cent weight gain increased with increase in concentration of reagents, time, and temperature of the reaction. Viscosity and dyeability of the modified samples were measured, and in some samples the percentage of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen was also determined.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170711
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal behavior of aryl-aliphatic polyamides (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 2857-2866 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low molecular weight poly(p-phenylene sebacamides) and (m-phenylene sebacamides) were prepared by interfacial polycondensation by varying the concentration of p-and m-phenylenediamine in the initial feed. The polymers were characterized by intrinsic viscosity measurement and IR spectra. The relative thermal stability was evaluated by differential thermal analysis and dynamic thermogravimetry in air and nitrogen atmospheres. A systematic dependence of stability on intrinsic viscosity of poly(m-phenylene sebacamide) was observed indicating an endgroup initiation of degradation. No such dependence was observed in poly(p-phenylene sebacamide). A probable mechanism for the thermal degradation has been proposed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1978.070221012
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate copolymers as negative photoresists (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2933-2938 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The potential of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate copolymers as negative photoresists was studied. Negative photoresist solution was prepared by esterfication of copolymers with cinnamoyl chloride. The effects of photosensitizer concentration, copolymer composition, and exposure time were investigated. A resolution of 30 μm was attained from these photoresists.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070231011
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft copolymerization of poly(vinyl chloride) with styrene. II. Thermal behavior (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 1087-1094 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal behavior of graft copolymers of polyvinyl chloride with polystyrene prepared by using a cationic initiator (AlCl3) was evaluated by measurement of rates of dehydrochlorination in nitrogen atmosphere. With increase in the extent of grafting the rates were found to decrease. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis revealed an overall improvement in thermal stability of copolymers. Development of polyene sequences in degraded polymer samples was evaluated by measurement of electronic absorption spectra. In comparison to PVC, graft copolymer samples had fewer conjugated double bonds.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250611
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on metathetical and thermal polymerization of 5-norbornene 2,3-dicarboximide end-capped resins Pt-II (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 2323-2331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: bisnadimide ; ring-opening metathesis polymerization ; 5-norbornene 2,3-dicarboximide ; nadic anhydride ; thermal stability ; char yield ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The article deals with synthesis, characterization, and polymerization of 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide end-capped resins (bisnadimides) based on 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether, 1,4/1,3-bis(4′-aminophenoxy) benzene, 2,2′-bis[4-(4′-aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane, and bis[4-(4′-aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulphone. Both exo and endo bisnadimides were prepared by reacting the aromatic diamines with exo or endo nadic anhydride in glacial acetic acid at 120°C. The exo or endo bisnadimides could be distinguished on the basis of differences observed in IR or 1H-NMR spectra. Both thermal (in solid state) and metathetical polymerization (using WCl6/tetramethyltin catalyst and chlorobenzene solvent) of bisnadimides was carried out. Only exo bisnadimides could be polymerized using metathesis reaction whereas thermal polymerization of both endo and exo bisnadimide could be successfully carried out at 300°C in static air atmosphere. The polymers were highly crosslinked and insoluble in common organic solvents. The polymers obtained by metathesis polymerization were light brown in color whereas those obtained by thermal polymerization were dark brown in color. Thermal stability of the thermally polymerized exo or endo bisnadimides was comparable. These polymers were stable up to 400°C and decomposed in a single step above this temperature. The char yield at 800°C depended on the structure of the polymer and was in the 39-56% range. The polymers formed by metathesis polymerization showed a 1-3% weight loss in the temperature range 226-371°C and decomposed in a single step above 440°C. The char yields were higher in these polymers (53-71%) compared to those obtained by thermal polymerization. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2323-2331, 1997
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on metathetical and thermal polymerization of 5-norbornene 2,3-dicarboximide end-capped resins pt-II (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2427-2427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bismaleimide resins. Effect of aliphatic amines on properties (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 153 (1987), S. 15-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Ketten von Bis-(p-maleimidophenyl)methanharzen (BM) wurden durch nukleophile Addition von aliphatischen Diaminen mit 2, 4 oder 6 Methylengruppen (EDA, DAB und HMDA) sowie mit Diethylentriamin (DETA) und Triethylentetramin (TETA) verlängert. Diese Kettenverlängerung verursacht eine deutliche Verringerung der Härtungstemperatur. Durch Erhöhung der Anzahl der Methylengruppen der aliphatischen Amine wird eine leichte Verringerung der Anfangstemperatur der Härtung um ca. 6°C erreicht. Die Polymerisationswärmen ΔH werden durch die Kettenverlängerung mit Diaminen deutlich verringert. Eine weitere Verringerung von ΔH wird durch die Addition von Triallylcyanurat (TAC) zum kettenverlängerten BM erreicht. Die thermische Stabilität der gehärteten Harze in Stickstoffatmosphäre ist von der Länge des aliphatischen Spacers der Amine unabhängig. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften von mit Glasfasermatten verstärkten BM-Harzen sowie das Alterungsverhalten bei 220 ± 10°C während 500 h und die hierdurch bedingten Veränderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften wurden untersucht.
    Notes: Bis(p-maleimidophenyl) methane (BM) resin was chain extended by nucleophilic addition with aliphatic diamines having 2,4, or 6 methylene groups (EDA, DAB, HMDA) and diethylene triamine (DETA) and triethylene tetramine (TETA). Chain extension of BM with aliphatic amines significantly reduces the curing temperatures. Increasing the methylene content of the aliphatic amines leads to slight reduction in onset temperatures of curing (∼6°C). Heat of polymerization (ΔH) decreases significantly by chain extension with diamines. Further decrease in ΔH is obtained by the addition of triallylcyanurate (TAC) to the chain extended BM. Thermal stability of cured (180 ± 5°C) resin in nitrogen atmosphere was found to be independent of the methylene content of diamines used for chain extension. Mechanical properties of glass fabric reinforced chain extended BM resins were evaluated. Ageing behaviour of these laminates was investigated at 220 ± 10°C for 500 h and changes in mechanical properties were determined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1987.051530102
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cashewnut shell liquid: Characterization and studies of PVC degradation in solution (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 154 (1987), S. 67-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cashewnußschalenöl (CNSL), eine Mischung aus verschiedenen alkylsubstituierten Phenolen, wurde durch 1H- und 13C-NMR-, FT-IR- und massenspektroskopische Messungen charakterisiert. Cardanol mit einer, zwei oder drei Doppelbindungen in der Alkylseitenkette wurde als Hauptkomponente nachgewiesen. Die Anwesenheit einer Hydroxygruppe wurde durch Acetylierung und 1H-NMR-Untersuchungen bewiesen. Die Destillation von CNSL unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen führt zur partiellen Oxidation der Seitenkette. Eine solche Oxidation wurde durch Elementaranalyse und FT-IR-Untersuchungen bestätigt. Der thermische Abbau von Polyvinylchlorid (PVC) in CNSL wurde in Stickstoffatmosphäre im Temperaturbereich von 180 - 220°C untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeit der Dehydrochlorierung von PVC erwies sich in CNSL geringer als in Benzoesäureethylester. In CNSL wurde eine Induktionsperiode im Bereich von 23 bis 55 min festgestellt, die abhängig ist von der Konzentration von PVC in der Lösung und von der Temperatur der Dehydrochlorierung. Die Aktivierungsenergie der Dehydrochlorierung von PVC in CNSL wurde zu 43 ± kcal/mol bestimmt. Die Mischbarkeit von PVC und CNSL wurde mit Hilfe der Differentialkalorimetrie (DSC) untersucht. Durch Mischen von PVC mit bis zu 10% CNSL wurde eine gute Weichmachung erreicht. Die allgemeine thermische Stabilität von PVC wird durch die Anwesenheit von CNSL in diesen geringen Konzentrationen nicht verändert.
    Notes: Cashewnut shell liquid (CNSL), which is basically a mixture of several alkyl substituted phenols was characterized using 1H and 13C-NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectroscopic techniques. The major constituent was found to be cardanol having one, two, or three double bonds in the alkyl side chain. Presence of one hydroxy group was confirmed by acetylation and 1H-NMR studies. Distillation of CNSL under atmospheric conditions resulted in partial oxidation of the side chain. Such an oxidation was confirmed by elemental analysis and FT-IR studies. Thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in CNSL was studied in nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of 180-220°C. Rate of dehydrochlorination of PVC was found to be lower in CNSL in comparison to the degradation in ethyl benzoate. An induction period ranging from 23 min to 55 min was observed in CNSL and was found to depend on the concentration of PVC in solution and temperature of dehydrochlorination. Activation energy for dehydrochlorination of PVC in CNSL was found to be 43 ± kcal/mol. Compatibility studies of PVC in CNSL were done using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Good plasticization was observed by blending PVC up to 10% of CNSL. Overall thermal stability of PVC was not altered by the presence of CNSL in these low concentrations.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1987.051540105
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclodehydration of bismaleamic acids (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 157 (1988), S. 59-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die thermische und chemische Cyclodehydratisierung von Bismaleinamidsäuren wird beschrieben. Diese Säuren wurden durch Umsetzung von 4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl-methan (DADPM), 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylether (DADPE) und 3,3′-Diaminodi-phenylsulfon (DDS) mit Maleinanhydrid und 3,3′,4,4′-Benzophenon-tetracarbon-säuredianhydird hergestellt. Thermische Cyclisierung wurde durch Erhitzen der Bis-maleinamidsäuren auf 120- 140°C für 1 - 4 h erreicht. Chemische Cyclisierung wurde ausgeführt durch Behandeln der Bismaleinamidsäuren mit NaOAc/Ac2,O. Man erhielt so die ausgeführt durch Behandeln der Bismaleinimide BTM, BTE und BTS. Die Produkte der thermischen und chemischen Cyclisierung wurden durch Bestimmung der Särezahl chrakerisiert. Für letztere was bei höheren Temperaturen der Umsatz in Prozent von Bismalein-amidsäure zum Imid für denselben Zeitraum höher als bei der thermischen Behand-lung. Elementaranalyse und Sälurezahl weisen darauf hin, daß die thermische Cyclisierung von Bismaleinamidsälure unvollstilndig ist. IR-Spektren der Proben bestältigen das Verschwinden der Amidgruppen während der Cyclodehydratisierung. In DSC-Kurven der Bismaleinamidsilure wurde ein breiter, endothermer Peak der Imidisierungsreaktion beobachtet. Thermogravimetrische Untersuchungen sowohl der ungehälrteten als auch der isotherm gehärteten Proben wurden unter Stickstoffatmosphäre ausgeführt. Es wurde eine Verbesserung der thermischen Stabilitilt durch Hiirtung erreicht.
    Notes: The paper describes thermal and chemical cyclodehydration studies of bismaleamic acids prepared by reacting 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DADPM), 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether (DADPE), and 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) with maleic anhydride and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride. Thermal cyclisation was carried out by heating the bismaleamic acids at 120 - 140°C for 1 - 4 h. Chemical cyclisation was carried out by treating the bismaleamic acids with NaOAc/Ac2O to give bismaleimides BTM, BTE, and BTS, respectively. The products of thermal and chemical cyclisation were characterized by determination of acid number. Percentage conversion of bismaleamic acid to imide was found to be higher at higher temperatures for the same duration of thermal treatment. Elemental analysis and acid number indicated incomplete cyclisation of bismaleamic acid on thermal treatment. IR spectra of samples confirmed the disappearance of amide groups on cyclodehydration. In DSC traces of bismaleamic acids a broad endothermic peak due to imidization reaction was observed. Thermogravimetric analysis of uncured and isothermally cured samples was carried out in nitrogen atmosphere. Improvement in thermal stability was observed on curing.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1988.051570106
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blends of bismaleimide resins and bis(allyl phenyl) esters (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1991), S. 7-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß von Reaktivverdünnern wie Bis-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-adipat (AEg), Bis-(4-ally-2-methoxyphenyl)-terephthalat (TEg) und Bis-(o-allylphenyl)-sebacat (APS) auf die Härtungseigenschaften und das thermische Verhalten von Bis-(4-maleimidophenyl)-methan (BM), das mit 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylmethan (DADPM) kettenverlängert wurde, wird beschrieben. Proben mit unterschiedlichem Gehalt an Reaktivverdünner (5-45 Gew.-%) und Bismaleimid wurden hergestellt. Die Zugabe von APS, AEg und TEg wirkte sich auf die Reaktionswärme des Härtungsprozesses aus. Die thermische Stabilität des Bismaleimids wurde durch Zugabe von APS oder AEg verringert, mit TEg wurde eine höhere Ausbeute bei der Verkohlung bei 800°C beobachtet. Glasfaserlaminate, die aus Bismaleimidharz mit 10 Gew.-% APS hergestellt wurden, wiesen eine interlaminare Scherfestigkeit von 20,8 N/mm2 und eine Biegefestigkeit von 541 N/mm2 auf.
    Notes: The effect of reactive diluents such as bis(4-allyl 2-methoxyphenyl) adipate (AEg), bis(4-allyl 2-methoxyphenyl) terephthalate (TEg), and bis(o-allyl phenyl) sebacate (APS) on curing characteristics and thermal behaviour of bis(4-maleimidophenyl) methane (BM) chain-extended with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DADPM) is described. Samples containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35, and 45 wt.-% of these reactive diluents and bismaleimide resin were prepared. Addition of APS, AEg, and TEg affected the curing exotherm of bismaleimides. The thermal stability of bismaleimide decreased on addition of APS or AEg, but in presence of TEg an improvement in char yield at 800°C was observed. Glass fibre reinforced laminates fabricated from bismaleimide resin containing 10% APS exhibited interlaminar shear strength of 20.8 N/mm2 and flexural strength of 541 N/mm2.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1991.051840102
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