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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Diuresis/antidiuresis ; Osmotic stress ; HSP25 ; HSP60 ; HSP72 ; HSP73 ; Transcription ; Translation ; Medullary hypertonicity ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The influence of diuresis and antidiuresis on the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) 25, 60, 72 and 73 in the renal cortex and outer and inner medulla of Wistar rats was analysed. Medullary osmolality was reduced by long-term diuresis (3% sucrose in the drinking water for 3 weeks) and subsequently enhanced by transition to a concentrating state by giving normal drinking water again in combination with deamino-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP) for 5 days. Western blot analyses revealed that neither HSP73 nor HSP60 was influenced by any treatment. The HSP72 level in the medulla was markedly reduced (50%) when osmolality was lowered and increased when tonicity was high. RNAse protection assays showed that the effects on HSP72 are parallelled in general by changes in HSP72 mRNA. While levels of HSP25 were not influenced, isoelectric focusing revealed that the degree of phosphorylation of outer and inner medullary HSP25 increased following both treatments. It thus seems that HSP73 and HSP60 are not directly involved in the long-term adaptation to varying medullary osmolalities. The correlation between changes in osmolality and amounts of the major stress-inducible HSP72 in the medulla implies that medullary hypertonicity is stressful for kidney cells. Furthermore, adaptation to pronounced changes in the osmolality of the environment most likely involves phosphorylation of HSP25.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Osmotic stress ; Heat shock proteins (HSP25 ; HSP60 ; HSP72 ; HSP73) ; Intrarenal distribution ; Phosphorylation of HSP25 ; Anaesthesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of heat shock proteins (HSP) HSP60, HSP73, HSP72 and HSP25 in the isoosmotic cortex and the hyperosmotic medulla of the rat kidney was investigated using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. HSP73 was homogeneously distributed throughout the whole kidney. The level of HSP60 was high in the renal cortex and low in the medulla. HSP25 and HSP72 were present in large amounts in the medulla. Only low levels of HSP25 and almost undetectable amounts of HSP72 were found in the cortex. HSP25 exists in one nonphosphorylated and several phosphorylated isoforms. Western blot analysis preceded by isoelectric focussing showed that HSP25 predominates in its nonphosphorylated form in the outer medulla but in its phosphorylated form in cortex and inner medulla. Although this intrarenal distribution pattern was not changed during prolonged anaesthesia (thiobutabarbital sodium), a shift from the nonphosphorylated to the phosphorylated isoforms of HSP25 occurred in the medulla. The characteristic intrarenal distribution of the constitutively expressed HSPs (HSP73, HSP60, HSP25) may reflect different states of metabolic activity in the isoosmotic (cortex) and hyperosmotic (medulla) zones of the kidney. The high content of inducible HSP72 in the medulla most likely is a consequence of the osmotic stress imposed upon the cells by the high urea and salt concentrations in the hyperosmotic medullary environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 334 (1992), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Norcamphor (1) was anodically oxidized at Pb/PbO2 anodes in 1 M · H2SO4, MeCN/H2O (V/V = 1/1). 3-Oxocyclopentaneacetic acid (3) and oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one (4) were obtained with material yields up to 76% and 42%, respectively. The effects of electrode materials, current densities and concentrations were studied. A possible anodic oxidation mechanism was proposed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 336 (1994), S. 602-607 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,5-dihydrofuran 1 was galvanostatically oxidized in aqueous electrolytes on Pt and PbO2 anodes at current densities of 10 to 50 mA cm-2. Under acidic conditions maleic dialdehyde 2 was obtained on both electrodes with a current efficiency (c.e) of up to 50%. In the alkaline region (pH 10) 4-hydroxy crotonic aldehyde 3 (Pt) or 2,5-dihydrofuranone 4 (PbO2) become the main products with c.e.'s of 29% and 27%, respectively, depending on the anode material. The influence of pH and of the anode material are discussed in detail. 2,3-dihydrofuran 7, vinyl ethyl ether 8 and for comparison, furan 9 were studied in addition.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 46 (1995), S. 447-459 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosion von vorbehandeltem Aluminium nach der kathodischen ElektrotauchlackierungDie Kathodische Elektrotauchlackierung (KTL) ist seit nahezu zwei Jahrzehnten bei der industriellen Abscheidung von Grundierungen auf Stahl gut eingeführt. Epoxidharze ergeben optimale Resultate. Es besteht ein zunehmender Bedarf, dieselbe Technik für Aluminium anzuwenden, speziell für die Mischbauweise Eisen/Aluminium bei Autokarosserien. Allerdings kann dieses Metall durch die OH- -Ionen angegriffen werden, die bei der kathodischen Elektrolyse von Wasser gemäß H2O + e- → ½ H2 + OH entstehen. Die. Al2O · xH2O Schutzschicht kann sich langsam auflösen als Aluminat, und dann reagiert das Al-Metall schnell mit Wasser unter Bildung des dreifachen Volumens an Wasserstoff, wobei die oxidische Schicht wiederhergestellt wird. Demgemäß ist die Bruttoreaktion für die kathodische Korrosion des Al gegeben durch: Al + 2H2O + e- → AlO2- + 2H2.Es ist zu erwarten, daß die Änderungen an der Phasengrenze Al/AlOOH/Lack und die Akkumulation von hydrolisiertem Aluminat im Überzug unter anderem auch das Korrosionsschutzverhalten der Lackschichten beeinflussen könnten. Eine systematische Untersuchung des Einfusses von vier verschiedenen technischen Epoxidharzen von BASF Lacke & Farben AG (l)-(4) mit ihren individuellen Pigmentsystemen, wobei das eine für den Lack 3 frei von Bleisilikat war, wurde unternommen. Sieben verschiedene Aluminium (Legierungs) Substrate warden verwendet. Die Art der Vorbehandlung war in den meisten Fällen eine Zinkphosphatierung. Drei Standard-Korrosionstests für die konventionelle Korrosion (KK) und eine für Filiformkorrosion (FFK) wurden angewandt und standardmäßig ausgewertet. Der verschärfte Freibewitterungs-Korrosionstest dauerte 360 Tage.Es wurde gefunden, daß die Korrosionsschutzwirksamkeit für die KK hauptsächlich durch das Harz beeinflußt wurde, wobei sie in der folgenden Reihenfolge abnahm: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ (4) 〉 (2) 〉 (1),\,(3). $$\end{document}Der Einfluß des Substrats war nicht sehr ausgeprägt, aber ein relatives Optimum konnte erkannt werden mit Al Mg 0.4 Si 1.2 mit Gelbchromatierung und Bonazinc 2000® und mit Al Mg 1.5 Si 0.5 Cu 4.0 mit Gelbchromatierung (mit einer Ausnahme). Die Reihenfolge der Wirksamkeit gegen die FFK änderte sich wie folgt: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ (2) 〉 (3) 〉 〉 (1),\,(4), $$\end{document} und zinkphosphatiertes Al Mg 3 war allen anderen Substraten überlegen. Die analytisch bestimmte Geschwindigkeit der kathodischen Korrosion für unpigmentierte Lacke korrelierte nicht mit diesen Resultaten, und dies konnte indikativ sein für spezifische Pigmenteffekte. Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, daß these systematische Untersuchung auf der Basis von praktischen Systemen und Korrosionstestmethoden einen Weg aufzeigt für die Optimierung der KTL auf Aluminium.
    Notes: Cathodic deposition of paint (CDP) is Well introduced for the industrial coating of primers onto steel since nearly two decades. Epoxy resins provide optimum results. There is an increasing demand to apply the same technique for aluminium, especially for mixed constructions Fe/Al in motor car bodies. However, this metal may be attacked by the OH--ions, generated by the cathodic electrolysis of water according to: H2O + e- → ½ H2 + OH-. The Al2O3 · xH2O protecting layer may dissolve slowly as aluminate and Al-metal then reacts rapidly with water to generate the threefold volume of hydrogen under the reestablishment of the oxide layer. Thus, the overall reaction for this cathodic corrosion of Al is given by: Al + 2H2O + e- → AlO2- + 2H2.It can be foreseen, that the changes at the phase boundary Al, AlOOH/paint and the accumulation of hydrolysed aluminate in the coating may influence, among other, the corrosion protection behavior of the paint layers. A systematic study of the influence of four different industrial epoxy resins from BASF Lacks & Farben AG (1)-(4) with their individual pigment systems, the one for paint (3) to be free of lead silicate, was undertaken. Seven different aluminium (alloy) substrates were employed. Their pretreatment modes were mostly due to zincphosphatation. Three standard corrosion tests for conventional corrosion, (CC) and one for filiform corrosion (FFC) were employed and evaluated, as usual. The accelerated open air corrosion test lasted 360 days.It was found, that for CC the corrosion protection capability was predominantly influenced by the resin, and it decreased in the following order: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ (4) 〉 (2) 〉 (1),\,(3). $$\end{document}The effect of the substrate was not very pronounced, but a relative optimum could be seen with Al Mg 0.4 Si 1.2-chromate pretreatment and Bonazinc 2000® and with Al Mg 1.5 Si 0.5 Cu 4.0-chromate pretreatment (with one exception). The ranking for FFC changed to: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ (2) 〉 (3) 〉 〉 (1),\,(4), $$\end{document}, and zincphosphated Al Mg 3 was superior over all the other substrates. The analytically determined rate of cathodic corrosion for unpigmented paints did not correlate to these results, and this may be indicative for specific pigment effects. In conclusion, this systematic study reveals, on the basis of practical systems and corrosion test methods, a way for the optimization of CDP on aluminium.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 984-985 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 385-386 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 34 (1921), S. 113-114 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 34 (1921), S. 178-178 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Ergebnisse experimenteller Untersuchungen an vertikalen Ringspalten von 1 mm bis 20 mm Spaltbreite werden in dimensionslosen Potenzformeln zusammengefaßt, in denen auch der Einfluß der Exzentrizität und der Eigenkonvektion berücksichtigt ist. Die Messungen wurden bei freier Konvektion und laminarer Strömung mit Öl und bei turbulenter Strömung mit Wasser bis zu Re-Zahlen ≤ 40.000 ausgeführt. Die Wärmestromrichtung wurde durch Innenrohrbeheizung, Innenrohrkühlung, Außenrohrbeheizung und beiderseitiger Beheizung verändert. Daneben wurde die Abhängigkeit der örtlichen Wärmeübergangszahlen von der Einlauflänge und den Einlaufverhältnissen ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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