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  • Chemistry  (6)
  • Morphine  (5)
  • Lanthanum  (3)
  • Rotation  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asymmetrical effects of morphine and naloxone on reward mechanisms (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 78 (1982), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Naloxone ; Cerebral asymmetry ; Self stimulation ; Rotation ; Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats with bilaterally implanted lateral hypothalamic electrodes were tested daily for self-stimulation to each side of the brain, and rotation (circling behavior) was recorded concomitantly. All rats rotated in a preferred direction regardless of the side of the brain stimulated and all rats had asymmetries in self-stimulation sensitivity related to the direction of rotation. Morphine increased rotation and lowered self-stimulation thresholds at low doses (e.g., 2.5 mg/kg) and decreased rotation and raised self-stimulation thresholds at high doses (e.g., 20.0 mg/kg). The changes in self-stimulation thresholds preferentially occurred on opposite sides of the brain, i.e., the low-dose decrease in thresholds was greater in the normally less sensitive side of the brain whereas the high-dose increase in thresholds was greater in the normally more sensitive side of the brain. Naloxone produced no changes in rates of rotation but did elicit small changes in self-stimulation that varied with the side of the brain, i.e., dose-related decreases in thresholds occurred in the normally more sensitive side of the brain whereas dose-related increases in thresholds occurred in the normally less sensitive side of the brain. Subsequently rats were tested in a choice procedure providing concurrent access to rewarding stimulation of either side of the brain; currents were titrated such that, under baseline conditions, rats continually alternated between self-stimulating one side of the brain or the other. Morphine induced a preference for the less sensitive side of the brain that was comparable in magnitude at all doses and independent of its biphasic effects on rates of responding. Naloxone induced a dose-related preference for the more sensitive side of the brain while not altering rates of responding. Naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) also completely antagonized the effects of all doses of morphine. The results are discussed in terms of lateralized actions mediating the discriminable effects of reinforcing drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428154
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in morphine self-administration after tel-diencephalic lesions in rats (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 57 (1978), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Self-administration ; Frontal cortex ; Posterior cortex ; Hippocampus ; Medial forebrain bundle ; Medial thalamus ; Nucleus accumbens ; Tuberculum olfactorium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to bar-press for intravenous infusions of morphine sulfate during 1-h daily test sessions. Rates of moprhine self-administration were enhanced by lesions of the frontal cortex and hippocampus and transiently reduced by lesions of the medial forebrain bundle and medial thalamus. Doseresponse studies indicated that sensitivity to morphine's rewarding property was decreased by frontal cortical and hippocampal lesions. Lesions of the posterior cortex, the tuberculum olfactorium, and the nucleus accumbens had no effect on self-administration behavior. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings with caudate and brainstem lesions. A neuroanatomical substrate for morphine reinforcement is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426752
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphine dependence in rats with medial forebrain bundle lesions (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 343-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Withdrawal ; Addiction ; Dependence ; Medial Forebrain Bundle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats with posterior medial forebrain bundle (PMFB) lesions and control rats were administered morphine chronically for 4 or 5 days via implanted subcutaneous silicone reservoirs. Following cessation of morphine administration after five days, PMFB rats showed less withdrawal-induced weight loss than control rats. Other PMFB and control rats were subjected to forced drinking of morphine solution for 9 days. PMFB rats consumed the morphine solution much more readliy than control rats, whereas intake of a quinine solution was similar in two other PMFB and control groups. These results suggest that the addictive and dependence properties of morphine may have separate mechanisms and based on previously reported neurochemical effects of PMFB lesions, that biogenic amines may be differentially involved in such mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429193
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of morphine on sleep in the cat (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 24 (1972), S. 435-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sleep ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; α-Methyltyrosine ; 5-Hydroxy-tryptophan.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of morphine sulfate, 300 μg/kg s.c., on the sleep of cats was studied by electroencephalographic techniques. In contrast to placebo experiments the animals were awake for approximately 6 h after administration of morphine; the return of regular sleep patterns occurred after about 11 h. A rebound increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time and percentage was noted during the 11th through the 17th hour of the study. Sleep following manual sleep deprivation for 10 h showed a rebound increase in REM and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time. NREM sleep rebound after manual sleep deprivation exceeded that occurring after morphine. The alerting actions of morphine could be blocked by naloxone, 100 μg/kg s.c., for about 90 min. Naloxone alone increased REM sleep time and percentage. Single (84 mg/kg) or multiple (51 mg/kg for 4 injections) doses of dl-α-methyltyrosine i.p. did not block the alerting action or REM sleep rebound caused by morphine. 5-Hydrotryptophan (30 mg/kg) i.p. did not antagonize the alerting action of morphine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402538
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in morphine self-administration after brainstem lesions in rats (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 52 (1977), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Self-administration ; Substantia nigra ; Midbrain raphe nuclei ; Locus coeruleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to bar press for intravenous infusions of morphine sulfate during 1-h daily test sessions. Rates of morphine self-administration were reduced by bilateral lesions of the substantia nigra and enhanced by lesions of the medial raphe nucleus. Dose-response studies indicated that sensitivity to morphine's rewarding property was increased by substantia nigra lesions and decreased by medial raphe lesions. Lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus and of the locus coeruleus had no effect on self-administration behavior. An interaction between ascending dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways appears to be involved in the mechanism of morphine reinforcement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439102
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apomorphine-induced rotation in normal rats and interaction with unilateral caudate lesions (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 40 (1975), S. 329-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Rotation ; Caudate Lesions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Apomorphine (i.p.) induced rotational behavior (i.e. circling) in normal unoperated rats. This rotation increased with increasing dose up to 10.0 mg/kg, after which the dose-response curve appeared to plateau. Although there was large variability among rats, rotation for each rat was consistent in both direction and magnitude from week to week. Rotation was not antagonized by alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine. When rats with unilateral lesions of the caudate nucleus were tested with apomorphine, postoperative rotation was significantly influenced by the direction of preoperative rotation; rats rotated more postoperatively if the lesion was made ipsilateral rather than contralateral to their preoperative direction of rotation. These results suggest that there is a bilateral asymmetry of dopaminergic receptors in the nigro-striatal pathways of normal rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421471
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug-induced rotation in rats without lesions: Behavioral and neurochemical indices of a normal asymmetry in nigro-striatal function (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 47 (1976), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rotation ; d-Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Scopolamine ; L-Dopa ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Normal unoperated rats were tested for rotation (i.e., circling behavior) in a spherical “rotometer” and dose-response relationships were generated using d-amphetamine, apomorphine, L-Dopa, haloperidol, and scopolamine. The rotation induced by amphetamine was significantly antagonized by alphamethyl-p-tyrosine and haloperidol, but not by diethyl-dithiocarbamate. The rotation elicited by apomorphine was unaffected by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Rotation was not necessarily in the same direction with high and low doses of amphetamine, or amphetamine and apomorphine administered a week apart from each other. Dopaminergic-cholinergic interactions were evident, since pilocarpine antagonized amphetamine-induced rotation whereas scopolamine did not; scopolamine elicited rotation in the same direction as that induced by amphetamine. Left and right striatal dopamine and tel-diencephalic norepinephrine levels were determined in rats injected with various doses of amphetamine and tested for rotation. There were significant bilateral differences in striatal dopamine which were related to the direction of rotation. Since amphetamine was found to be equally distributed to the two sides of the brain, the difference in striatal dopamine appeared to be the neurochemical substrate for rotation in normal rats. These results suggest that normal rats have asymmetrical levels of striatal dopamine as well as an asymmetrical complement of striatal dopamine receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427609
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A blood-brain barrier without tight junctions in the fly central nervous system in the early postembryonic stage (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Central nervous system ; Septate junction ; Tight junction ; Lanthanum ; Glial cell ; Maggot ; Delia platura (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomical basis of the vertebrate blood-brain barrier is a series of tight junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries in the central nervous system. Over two decades ago, tight junctions were also proposed as the basis of the blood-brain barrier in insects. Currently there is a growing understanding that septate junctions might possess barrier properties in various invertebrate epithelial cells. We now examine these two views by studying the blood-brain barrier properties of the early postembryonic larva of a dipteran fly (Delia platura) by transmission electron microscopy. Newly hatched larvae possess a functioning blood-brain barrier that excludes the extracellular tracer, ionic lanthanum. This barrier is intact throughout the second instar stage as well. The ultrastructural correlate of this barrier is a series of extensive septate junctions that pervade the intercellular space between adjacent perineurial cells. No tight junctions were located in either nerve, glial or perineurial cell layers. We suggest that the overall barrier might involve septate junctions within extensive, meandering intercellular clefts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381884
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of non-complementary nucleotides on the rate of helix formation: Kinetics of formation of poly (I)·poly (C,I) and poly (I)·poly (C,U) complexes (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 1613-1620 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Apparent second-order rate constants for complex formation between poly (I) and poly (C) and copolymers of C containing non-complementary I or U residues have been determined spectrophotometrically. The rate constants decrease as the concentration of either I or U in the C strands increases-the effect seems insensitive to the species of residue involved, when differences in the thermal stabilities of the poly (I) poly (C,I) and poly (I). poly (C,U) complexes are taken into account. These results suggest that low concentrations of relatively stable defects can alter the apparent kinetic “complexity” of polynucleotides as determined by hybridization methods (C0t analysis).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1972.360110808
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on Antifungal Agents. Part 22. 3-aryl-5-[(aryloxy)alkyl]-3-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-2-methylisoxazolidines and related derivatives (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 71 (1988), S. 718-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and antifungal activity of a novel series of 3-aryl-5-[(aryloxy)alkyl]-3-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-methyl]-2-methylisoxazolidines and related compounds, are discussed. The synthesis of the title compounds was accomplished via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of α-substituted ketonitrones with l-alkenyl phenyl ethers (Scheme 2 and 3). The compounds were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity in solid agar cultures against a broad variety of yeast and systemic mycoses and dermatophytes. While antifungal activity was evident throughout the series, in general, derivatives having halogen atom(s) in either or both aryl rings demonstrated the highest potency, especially against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans. The dichloro analog 20 (PR 967-248) was found to possess the most useful activity. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged between 0.2 and 2.0 μg/ml, as compared to 0.2-20.0 μg/ml for the standard drug ketoconazole (4).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19880710406
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