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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: PLS ; multivariate analysis ; experimental design ; aquatic toxicity ; QSAR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A common task in data analysis is to model the relationships between two sets of variables, the descriptor matrixX and the response matrixY. A typical example in aquatic science concerns the relationships between the chemical composition of a number of samples (X) and their toxicity to a number of different aquatic species (Y). This modelling is done in order to understand the variation ofY in terms of the variation ofX, but also to lay the ground for predictingY of unknown observations based on their knownX-data. Correlations of this type are usually expressed as regression models, and are rather common in aquatic science. Often, however, the multivariateX andY matrices invalidate the use of multiple linear regression (MLR) and call for methods which are better suited for collinear data. In this context, multivariate projection methods represent a highly useful alternative, in particular, partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS). This paper introduces PLS, highlights its strengths and presents applications of PLS to modelling aquatic toxicity data. A general discussion of regression, comparing MLR and PLS, is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular diversity 4 (1998), S. 103-114 
    ISSN: 1573-501X
    Keywords: combinatorial chemistry ; D-optimal design ; PCA ; peptoid libraries ; PLS ; QSAR ; statistical molecular design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Statistical experimental design provides an efficient approach for selecting the building blocks to span the structural space and increase the information content in a combinatorial library. A set of renin-inhibitors, hexapeptoids, is used to illustrate the approach. Multivariate quantitative structure-activity relationships (MQSARs) were developed relating renin inhibition to the peptoid sequences variation, parametrized by the z-scales. By using the information from the models, the number of building block sets could be reduced from six to three. Using a statistical molecular design (SMD) reduces the number of compounds from more than 100 000 down to 90. A second SMD was used for comparison, based on less prior knowledge. This gave a reduction from over 2 billion to 120 compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS ; Three-way matrices ; Calibration ; Residual bilinearization ; Background correction ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When using hyphenated methods in analytical chemistry, the data obtained for each sample are given as a matrix. When a regression equation is set up between an unknown sample (a matrix) and a calibration set (a stack of matrices), the residual is a matrix R.The regression equation is usually solved by minimizing the sum of squares of R. If the sample contains some constituent not calibrated for, this approach is not valid. In this paper an algorithm is presented which partitions R into one matrix of low rank corresponding to the unknown constituents, and one random noise matrix to which the least squares restrictions are applied. Properties and possible applications of the algorithm are also discussed.In Part 2 of this work an example from HPLC with diode array detection is presented and the results are compared with generalized rank annihilation factor analysis (GRAFA).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 111-125 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS regression algorithm ; Kernel ; Many-variable data sets ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A fast PLS regression algorithm dealing with large data matrices with many variables (K) and fewer objects (N) is presented For such data matrices the classical algorithm is computer-intensive and memory-demanding. Recently, Lindgren et al. (J. Chemometrics, 7, 45-49 (1993)) developed a quick and efficient kernel algorithm for the case with many objects and few variables. The present paper is focused on the opposite case, i.e. many variables and fewer objects. A kernel algorithm is presented based on eigenvectors to the ‘kernel’ matrix XX TYYT, which is a square, non-symmetric matrix of size N × N, where N is the number of objects. Using the kernel matrix and the association matrices XXT (N × N) and YYT (N × N), it is possible to calculate all score and loading vectors and hence conduct a complete PLS regression including diagnostics such as R2. This is done without returning to the original data matrices X and Y. The algorithm is presented in equation form, with proofs of some new properties and as MATLAB code.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 349-363 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Variable selection ; PLS ; Calibration ; Modelling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A modified PLS algorithm is introduced with the goal of achieving improved prediction ability. The method, denoted IVS-PLS, is based on dimension-wise selective reweighting of single elements in the PLS weight vector w. Cross-validation, a criterion for the estimation of predictive quality, is used for guiding the selection procedure in the modelling stage. A threshold that controls the size of the selected values in w is put inside a cross-validation loop. This loop is repeated for each dimension and the results are interpreted graphically. The manipulation of w leads to rotation of the classical PLS solution. The results of IVS-PLS are different from simply selecting X-variables prior to modelling. The theory is explained and the algorithm is demonstrated for a simulated data set with 200 variables and 40 objects, representing a typical spectral calibration situation with four analytes. Improvements of up to 70% in external PRESS over the classical PLS algorithm are shown to be possible.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 230-231 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS ; kernel algorithm ; multivariate calibration ; EM algorithm ; cross-validation ; missing data ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This is Part II of a series concerning the PLS kernel algorithm for data sets with many variables and few objects. Here the issues of cross-validation and missing data are investigated. Both partial and full crossvalidation are evaluated in terms of predictive residuals and speed and are illustrated on real examples. Two related approaches to the solution of the missing data problem are presented. One is a full EM algorithm and the second a reduced EM algorithm which applies when the number of missing values is small. The two examples are multivariate calibration data sets. The first set consists of UV-visible data measured on mixtures of four metal ions. The second example consists of FT-IR measurements on mixtures consisting of four different organic substances.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Multi-way array ; Multiorder array ; Principal components ; PLS ; Multivariate calibration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Lohmöller-Wold decomposition of multi-way (three-way, four-way, etc.) data arrays is combined with the non-linear partial least squares (NIPALS) algorithms to provide multi-way solutions of principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares modelling in latent variables (PLS).The decomposition of a multi-way array is developed as the product of a score vector and a loading array, where the score vectors have the same properties as those of ordinary two-way PCA and PLS. In image analysis, the array would instead be decomposed as the product of a loading vector and an image score matrix.The resulting methods are equivalent to the method of unfolding a multi-way array to a two-way matrix followed by ordinary PCA or PLS analysis. This automatically proves the eigenvector and least squares properties of the multi-way PCA and PLS methods.The methodology is presented; the algorithms are outlined and illustrated with a small chemical example.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 1 (1987), S. 185-196 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Cross-validation ; Partial least squares ; Two-sample location ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method for statistical analysis of two independent samples with respect to difference in location is investigated. The method uses the partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS) with cross-validation. The relation to classical methods is discussed and a Monte Carlo study is performed to describe how the distribution of the test-statistic employed depends on the number of objects, the number of variables, the percentage variance explained by the first PLS-component and the percentage missing values. Polynomial approximations for the dependency of the 50 per cent and the 5 per cent levels of the test-statistic on these factors are given. The polynomial for the 50 per cent level is complicated, involving several first-, second- and third-degree terms, whereas the polynomial for the 5 per cent level is dependent only on the number of objects and the size of the first component. A separate Monte Carlo experiment indicates that a moderate difference in sample size does not affect the distribution of the test-statistic. The multi-sample location problem is also studied and the effect of increasing the number of samples on the test-statistic is shown in simulations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 1 (1987), S. 243-245 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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