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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 332 (1972), S. 96-116 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Displacement Effects ; Cardiac Active State ; Control of Contractility ; Quick Release ; Quick Stretch ; Excitation-contraction Coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An investigation was carried out on isolated cat's papillary muscle in order to study displacement effects upon the intensity and the time course of the contractile activity. Displacements occurring before or very early during a contractile cycle produce effects which can be entirely explained on the basis of the cardiac active length-tension relation. Displacements occurring later exhibit additional effects in so far as either stretches or releases induce a drop of contractile activation such that the course of the subsequent tension development is markedly below that of the same displacement applied earlier. In order to separate these effects from those based on the active length-tension correlation experiments were performed in which very short release-stretch or stretch-release operations were applied so that the muscle length was virtually the same at the beginning and at the end of the operation. The results obtained under these conditions can be summarized as follows. The extend to which contractile tension drops after a stretch-release or a release-stretch cycle has been applied depends upon (1) the stimulus intervention interval (2) the length change performed (3) the velocity of displacement during the intervention. It is not dependent on the initial muscle length. Increasing the extracellular Ca-concentration considerably reduces the displacement effects. The results are tentatively explained by assuming an internal feedback loop between a variable of the contractile machinary and the preceding mechanism of activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Contraction-Excitation Recoupling ; Cardiac Force Velocity Relation ; Quick Release ; Controlled Release ; Active State ; Intracellular Action Potentials ; Mechano-elektrische Rückkoppelung ; Kraft-Geschwindigkeitsrelation ; “quick release” ; kontrollierter Release ; “active state” ; intracelluläre Aktionspotentiale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An isolierten Katzenpapillarmuskeln wurden intracelluläre Potentialmessungen bei verschiedenen Kontraktions-Bedingungen durchgeführt. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Aktionspotentialdauer (in Grenzen von etwa 20%) von der Kontraktionsform abhängig ist. Während isotonischer Verkürzung wird das Aktionspotential verlängert, bei isometrischer Spannungsentwicklung abgekürzt. Als Folge dieser Aktionspotential-Veränderungen entwickeln sich treppenartige Zu-oder Abnahmen der mechanischen Aktivität während der folgenden 5–10 Kontraktionen. Durch Anwendung einer kontrollierten Dehnung konnte die Verkürzungsgeschwindigkeit des contractilen Elements (V CE ) kleiner als bei isometrischen Bedingungen gemacht werden. Dabei wurde eine weitere Aktionspotentialverkürzung beobachtet. WurdeV CE dagegen durch Entlastungsexperimente (quick release) über die bei leicht belasteten isotonischen Kontraktionen entwickelte Verkürzungsgeschwindigkeit hinaus erhöht, so ergab sich eine weitere Zunahme der Aktionspotentialdauer. Release-Experimente, die nach der vollständigen Repolarisation durchgeführt wurden, führten zur Auslösung einer neuen Repolarisationswelle von 10–15 mV Amplitude. Zuweilen wurde hierdurch ein neues Aktionspotential ausgelöst. Die Entlastungsexperimente ermöglichten die Abschätzung der “mechanoelektrischen Latenzzeit” des beschriebenen Rückkoppelungssystems. Diese betrug weniger als 10 msec. Die beschriebenen Phänomene lassen sich vermutlich nicht auf Änderungen der membranären Oberflächengeometrie zurückführen. Andere Erklärungsmöglichkeiten werden als Arbeitshypothesen diskutiert. Es erscheint zumindest sicher, daß der Control-Parameter des beschriebenen Rückkoppelungssystems in der Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Relation des contractilen Elementes selbst zu suchen ist. Möglicherweise bestimmt dessen Kontraktionsform die Dynamik der kontraktionswirksamen Calciumbewegungen.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of transmembrane potentials were performed under different contractile conditions on isolated cat papillary muscles. It was found that the duration of the action potential (within limits of about 20%) depends on the mode of contraction. Isotonic shortening tends to prolong, isometric tension development tends to shorten the duration of the action potential. As a result of the action potential alterations negative or positive inotropic mechanical transients are observed during 5–10 subsequent beats. The decrease in action potential duration is roughly proportional to the force development, and the increase of action potential duration is related to the shortening velocity. By applying a controlled stretch the shortening velocity of the contractile element (V CE ) was reduced below its value during purely isometric conditions. A further decrease of the action potential duration was observed. IncreasingV CE by release experiments increased the action potential duration beyond that observed under lightly loaded isotonic contractions. A quick release taking place after repolarization is complete produces a new distinct wave of depolarization (10–15 mV) which can sometimes initiate a new action potential. The quick release experiments fascilitated the estimation of the time delay of the feedback interaction which is less than 10 msecs. The possibility that passive geometrical changes of the plasma membrane is a causitive factor of the described phenomenon was experimentally excluded. Alternative explanations are discussed. It seems likely that a controlling parameter of this excitation contraction feedback system is contained in the force velocity relation of the contractile element influencing the internal Ca++-transients by its mode of contraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 4 (1990), S. 293-296 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The matrix-assisted desorption/ionization of large biomolecules with a wavelength of 2.94 μm in the infrared is reported. A mechanically Q-switched Erbium-YAG laser with a pulse width of ca. 200 ns was used for the experiments. A large variety of matrices have been used successfully, among them all matrices found useful for ultraviolet desorption and, in addition, carboxylic acids, glycerol and urea. Desorption of molecules at this wavelength and caffeic acid as a matrix results in ions with up to 13 charges per ion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) a large fraction of analyte ions undergo post-source decay (PSD) during flight in the field-free drift path. By means of a modified two-stage reflectron, product ion time-of-flight spectra of medium-sized linear peptides (up to 2800 u) were recorded, containing full sequence information. Precision, accuracy and mass resolution of fragment ions were almost as good as obtained in high-energy collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) studies performed in four-sector instruments. Instrumental sensitivity was better by at least one order of magnitude. In reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RETOF-MS) the cleavage pattern of PSD products is different from that obtained by high-energy and low-energy CAD. Activation mechanisms of PSD were found to be largely determined by collisional events (ion/neutral) occurring in the acceleration field during early plume expansion. Future potentials of PSD analysis after MALDI are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 31 (1980), S. 739-742 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers were optimized for immobilized glucoamylase-systems using the method of statistical design. Two polystyrene types containing 10 and 21,5% (w/w) divinylbenzene, respectively, were found to be suitable supports for the enzyme.
    Notes: Styrol-Divinylbenzol-Copolymere wurden mit Hilfe der statischen Versuchsplanung für immobilisierte Glucoamy lase-Systeme optimiert. Es wurde gefunden, daß zwei Polystyrolvarianten mit einem Divinylbenzolgehalt von 10 bzw. 21,5 Masse-% als Träger für das Enzym geeignet sind.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The composition and the chemical states of components of Zircaloy-4 (zirconium alloy) surfaces were studied in the temperature range between room temperature and 500°C. Each sample was kept at constant temperature (25, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500°C) for up to 16 hours. The changes of composition and chemical states of the Zircaloy-4 surface during heating were monitored by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Originally, the components form well-defined layers elucidated by angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). In contrast to depth profiling using ion sputtering, ARXPS is non-destrutive. However, it is applicable for layers of up to a few nanometres thickness only.The experiments showed a decomposition of the ZrO2 coverage above 200°C accompanied by oxygen diffusion into the bulk. These processes lead to the reduction of ZrO2 to metallic zirconium on the surface at 300°C and higher temperatures. The oxygen diffusion into the bulk was indicated by AES depth profiles. The layered structure observed up to a heating temperature of 200°C could not be seen at higher temperatures. After Zr metal appears at the surface during the heating process, a reaction with the adsorbed hydrocarbons takes place, leading to the formation of zirconium carbide.Though the depth resolution of an AES depth profile does not permit identification of layers with thicknesses in the nanometre region, the temperature-dependent behaviour of oxyen is reflected by its AES profiles, showing features in accordance with the results from ARXPS, especially with respect to the fact that well-defined layers vanish above 200°C.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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