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  • 1
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: polyhydroxyalkanoate ; copolyester ; microstructure ; NMR ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sequence structures of bacterially synthesized copoly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), isolated from the sludge developed in the anaerobic-aerobic waste-water treatment process containing propionate as a carbon source, were analysed by 13C NMR spectroscopy. These copolyesters were composed of four different monomer units, 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyvalerate, 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyrate and 3-hydroxy-2-methylvalerate. By using water/acetone mixed solvent, one of the copolyester samples was fractionated into fractions by differences in average molecular weights as well as in monomer compositions. The carbonyl carbon resonances, split due to differences in diad sequences, were analysed on the basis of Bernoullian statistics. It is suggested that these copolyesters were mixtures of random copolymers with different monomer compositions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compatibility of a crystalline/crystalline polymer blend, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), was studied by high-resolution solid-state 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The 1H T1 measurement demonstrated that both the compatibility and the domain size depend on the composition of the blend. The PVA/PHB blend is compatible only when the blend contains a large amount of PVA. The domain sizes of the compatible blend are less than 200 Å. In the pulse saturation transfer (PST) MAS NMR spectra, the carbonyl carbon resonance from PHB showed a downfield shift, which indicates that the compatibility of the PVA/PHB blends is due to the hydrogen-bonding interaction in the amorphous phase. The DSC measurement showed that the compatible blends adopt low crystallinity for both PHB and PVA. The crystallization in these blends is likely to be distributed by the hydrogen-bonding interaction in the amorphous phase. The compatibility of PVA/PHB is also affected by the tacticity of PVA. The compatible composition range of the syndiotacticrich PVA/PHB blend is wider than that of the atactic-PVA/PHB blend. It is likely that the capacity to form the hydrogen bond depends on the tacticity of PVA. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: hand replantation ; arterio-venous fistula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Replantation of a completely severed finger, hand or arm is now performed with wide success. We now report an extremely rare complication of this replantation, an arterio-venous (A-V) shunt formation. Pathogenesis of the new A-V fistual formation is discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 156 (1972), S. 207-223 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hochaufgelöste 13C-NMR-Spektren von Polystyrol und Poly-α-methylstyrol werden unter Bedingung der 1H-Spinentkopplung aufgenommen. Die Spektren zeigen klare Aufspaltungen, die den Triaden, Tetraden und teilweise den Pentaden entsprechen; die verschiedenen Signale werden versuchsweise zugeordnet. Durch Vergleich der Triaden-Taktizitäten von Poly-α-methylstyrol auf Grund der 13C-NMR-Spektren mit den Protonen-Spektren konnte gezeigt werden, daß der OVERHAUSER-Effekt die relativen Intensitäten der Signale von chemisch äquivalenten Kohlenstoffatomen nur wenig beeinflußt, mit Ausnahme bei der stereochemischen Konfiguration.Die Mechanismen der stereospezifischen Polymerisation werden auf der Grundlage der durch 13C-NMR bestimmten Mikrotaktizität diskutiert. Die kationische und die anionische Polymerisation von α-Methylstyrol kann durch die BERNOULLI-Statistik beschrieben werden, wogegen das ataktische Polystyrol der MARKOV-Statistik gehorcht.
    Notes: The carbon-13 high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra with proton spin decoupling of polystyrene and poly-α-methylstyrene were measured. The spectra clearly split corresponding to triad, tetrad, and partially pentad placements, and these peaks were tentatively assigned. By comparison of the triad tacticity of poly-α-methylstyrene determined from carbon-13 spectra with that from proton spectra, it was confirmed that the nuclear OVERHAUSER effect due to proton decoupling has little effect on the relative intensities of the peaks assigned to chemically equivalent carbons except for stereochemical configuration.The stereospecific polymerization mechanisms are discussed on the basis of the microtacticity determined from carbon-13 spectra. As a result, it is concluded that poly-α-methylstyrene polymerized with cationic and anionic catalysts can be described by BERNOULLIAN statistics, while the atactic polystyrene does not obey BERNOULLIAN but first or second order MARKOVIAN statistics.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 152 (1972), S. 15-26 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Von 4 Polypropylen-Proben mit verschiedener Taktizität wurden unter Protonenentkoppelung die hochaufgelösten 13C-NMR-Spektren (13C-{1H}) gemessen (natürlicher 13C-Gehalt 25.1 MHz). Die Signale der Methylen-Kohlenstoffatome zeigen Aufspaltungen, die den Diaden und teilweise den Tetraden entsprechen. Die Methyl-Signale einer Probe mit Stereoblockstruktur zeigen klar die entsprechenden Pentaden; die Signale wurden versuchsweise angeordnet. Allerdings ist die theoretische Beziehung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 2\left( {mrrm} \right) + \left( {mrrr} \right) = \left( {rmrr} \right) + \left( {mmrr} \right) $$\end{document} zwischen den relativen Intensitäten der Pentaden-Signale nicht erfüllt. Verschiedene Ursachen für diese Unstimmigkeiten werden diskutiert.Die Mikrotaktizität eines hochisotaktischen Polymeren, die aus den 13C-{1H}-Spektren abgeleitet wurde, stimmt innerhalb des experimentellen Fehlers mit den Ergebnissen aus Extraktionsversuchen mit n-Heptan überein.Es kann gesagt werden, daß die verschiedenen Sequenzen im Polypropylen durch 13C-{1H}-Spektroskopie bei 25.1 MHz mindestens genau so gut bestimmt werden können wie durch 1H-Spektroskopie bie 220 MHz. Lediglich zwei Signale, die von Methin-Kohlenstoffatomen herrühren, zeigen abnorme Intensitäten.
    Notes: The proton decoupled natural abundance 13C (designated as 13C-{1H}) high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were measured for polypropylene at 25.1 MHz. The samples used were 4 polymers of different tacticity. The spectra of methylene carbon split corresponding to diad and partially tetrad placements. The spectra of methyl carbon of stereoblock type polymer clearly split corresponding to pentad placements. These splittings were tentatively assigned. The relation between the relative intensities of pentad placements, namely, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 2\left( {mrrm} \right) + \left( {mrrr} \right) = \left( {rmrr} \right) + \left( {mmrr} \right) $$\end{document} was not satisfied. As the causes of this inequality, several possibilities were pointed out.The triad microtacticity of highly isotactic polymers determined from 13C-{1H} spectra were compared with the results of n-heptane extraction and good correspondence within experimental error were obtained. The discrimination of configurational sequences of polypropylene by 13C-{1H} spectra at 25.1 MHz is equal or superior to that possible in 1H spectra at 220 MHz. However, the two peaks assigned to methine carbon showed abnormal intensities.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Protonenentkoppelte PRFT-NMR Spektren von natürlich vorkommendem 13C wurden zur Bestimmung von Spin-Gitter-Relaxationszeiten (T1) bestimmeter Kohlenstoffatome des Polypropylens und Polyäthylens in o-Dichlorbenzol-Lösung und in geschmolzenem Polyäthylen verwendet. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Relaxationszeiten der Polypropylen-Kohlenstoffe von Konfigurations-Unterschieden unabhängig sind. Mit Hilfe der Werte des OVERHAUSER-Verstärkungsfaktors wird gezeigt, daß die Überschuß-Energie aus dem Gleichgewicht aller 13C in Polypropylen und Polyäthylen vom Gitter aufgenommen wird, und zwar hauptsächlich durch 13C-1H-dipolare Wechselwirkungen. Es wird außerdem die Isotropie der effektiven Rotations-Schwingung der Kohlenstoff-Skelette im Polypropylen aufgezeigt. Die Aktivierungsenergien der Skelett- und der internen Methyl-Schwingungen im Propylen selbst und die Skelett-Schwingungen im Polyäthylen in Lösung wurden aus der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Korrelationszeit abgeschätzt. Die Zuordnung der beiden Peaks, die im Bereich des Methin-Kohlenstoffs von Polypropylen erscheinen, wurde kurz diskutiert.
    Notes: Proton-decoupled partially relaxed FOURIER transform (PRFT) NMR of 13C in natural abundance was used to determine spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of individual carbons of polypropylene and polyethylene in o-dichlorobenzene solution and molten polyethylene. It is shown that the relaxation times of polypropylene carbons are independent of the difference in stereochemical configuration. From the values of the nuclear OVERHAUSER enhancement factor it is shown that the excess energy from equilibrium of all 13C in polypropylene and polyethylene are absorbed into lattice mainly through 13C-1H dipolar interactions. It is shown that the effective rotational motion of the skeletal carbons in polypropylene is isotropic. The activation energies of skeletal and internal methyl motions in polypropylene, separately, and skeletal motion in polyethylen in solutions were estimated from the temperature dependence of the correlation time. The assignment of the two peaks appearing in methine carbon region of polypropylene was briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 13C NMR has been used to study the helix-coil transition induced in polypeptides by trifluoroacetic acid. An attempt is made to separate the influences of conformational change and direct solvent interaction. For poly(γ-methyl-L-glutamate), interactions between trifluoroacetic acid and the ester group of the side chain occur in the helical region. Poly(L-norvaline) and poly(L-norleucine) are in the form of “partially distorted helical conformation”. Conformational change and the interaction between trifluoroacetic acid and the peptide group which accompany the helix-coil transition, affect the chemical shift difference up to Cδ or Cβ of poly(L-norvaline) and poly(L-norleucine), On the contrary, in the case of polyglutamates and polyaspartate, these effects are minor for the carbons in the ester portion. The chemical shift differences of these polypeptides can be well interpreted qualitatively by the results for some butyrates, poly(L-norvaline), and poly(L-norleucine).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 1819-1827 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The interactions between a homopolypeptide, poly(L-lysine) [(Lys)n], and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4), were studied by 13C NMR spectroscopy in D2O solution. By observing the chemical shift of the ε-amino carbon of lysine monomer in D2O solution at pH 7,3 in presence and absence of NaDodSO4, direct evidence was found for electrostatic interaction between the protonated lysine ε-amino group and the head group of the anionic surfactant. At this pH, the (Lys)n chain in NaDodSO4 solution adopts the β-form conformation and the solubility of NaDodSO4/(Lys)n complexes is too small to observe 13C-spectra. At more alkaline solutions, where the (Lys)n chain forms α-helices, the surfactant's polar group interacts with the uncharged lysyl side chain through hydrogen bonding. In the initial binding of the surfactant to (Lys)n, both the surfactant head group and alkyl chain contribute to the association with (Lys)n. With an excess of surfactant bound to α-helical (Lys)n, NaDodSO4/(Lys)n complexes show high solubility and all carbon atoms of the surfactant molecules show micelle shifts. These results suggest that the surfactant molecules form micellelike clusters around the (Lys)n helices exposing the surfactant polar head group to the medium and enhancing the solubility of NaDodSO4/(Lys)n complexes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die stereochemische Anordnung der Pentaden im Polymethacrylnitril wurde unter Benutzung Protonenentkoppelter, FOURIER-transformierter NMR-Spektren von natürlich vorkommendem 13C analysiert. Die Daten der Pentaden-Mikrotaktizität wurden zur Untersuchung der stereospezifischen Polymerisations-Mechanismen verwendet. Zwei Typen von Polymethacrylnitril wurden benutzt. Die relativen Intensitäten der Pentaden-Signale des Polymers, das durch Polymerisation in Substanz mit einem radikalischen Katalysator bei 80°C dargestellt wurde, konnten mit Hilfe des BERNOULLISchen Modells vernünftig erklärt werden. Die Intensitäten des Polymers, welches mit Diäthylmagnesium in Toluol bei 70°C dargestellt wurden, können sowohl mit Hilfe des „stereoblend“-Modells als auch mit dem MARKOFFschen Modell der ersten Ordnung beschrieben werden, jedoch nicht mit dem BERNOULLIschen Modell.
    Notes: The pentad stereochemical placements in polymethactylonitrile were analyzed by using proton-decoupled natural abundance FOURIER transformed 13C-NMR spectra. The data of pentad microtacticity were used to examine the stereospecific polymerization mechanisms. Two types of polymethacrylonitrile were used. The relative intensities of pentad peaks for the polymer prepared with free radical catalyst by bulk polymerization at 80°C were reasonably interpreted by the BERNOULLIan model. Those for the polymer, prepared with diethylmagnesium in toluene at 70°C, may be described by both the stereoblend model and the firstorder MARKOVian model, but not by BERNOULLIan model.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 2131-2133 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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