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  • Chemistry  (2)
  • insecticides  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Heliothis virescens ; parasitism ; Microplitis croceipes ; biological control ; cotton ; Gossypium hirsutum ; insecticides ; pyrethroids ; bollworm ; tobacco budworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Afin d'évaluer la fréquence du parasitisme des larves de la Noctuelle du maïs (Heliothis zea Boddie) et de la Noctuelle du tabac (H. virescens F.), 3.666 larves ont été récoltées dans 41 champs de coton situés près de Portland (Arkansas). Trois méthodes ont été employées pour limiter les populations d'Heliothis spp. dans ces plantations: (1) le lâcher deTrichogramma pretiosum Riley; (2) la lutte chimique; (3) la non-intervention (témoin). L'emploi des insecticides dans les plantations non protégées chimiquement fut réduit, mais pas totalement éliminé. Les larves d'Heliothis spp. récoltées sur coton avaient des taux de parasitisme supérieurs en 1981 avec 30,9% et en 1982 avec 50,1% à ceux qui avaient été rapportés avant l'utilisation sur coton des insecticides organochlorés. Quatre espèces de parasites larvaires et une cinquième attaquant aussi les chrysalides ont été obtenues. Le parasite larvaireMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) représentait 90,6% en 1981 et 94,5% en 1982 des parasites éclos des larves d'Heliothis récoltées. Il n'existait pas de différence significative (P〉0.05) au niveau du degré de parasitisme entre les espècesH. zea etH. virescens. Des différences entre les traitements eurent lieu uniquement en 1982 quand le taux de parasitisme des larves d'H. zea fut plus élevé (P〈0.05) dans les plantations témoins (68,3%) que dans cells soumises à une protection chimique (44,3%). Les niveaux plus élevés de parasitisme larvaire dans les champs de coton peuvent être la conséquence d'une réduction d'emploi des insecticides et de leur remplacement par de nouvelles matières actives, telles que les pyréthrinoïdes.
    Notes: Abstract During 1981 and 1982, bollworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm,H. virescens (F.), larvae (n=3,666) were collected from 41 cotton fields near Portland, Arkansas (USA) to assess the occurrence of parasitism. Three strategies were employed to controlHeliothis spp. in these fields: (1) release ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley; (2) insecticidal control; or (3) inaction (check). Insecticide use in nonchemical control fields was reduced, but not eliminated.Heliothis spp. larvae collected in cotton had higher parasitism rates in 1981 (30.9%) and 1982 (50.1%) than had been reported for cotton since the advent of organochlorine insecticide usage. Four species of larval parasites and 1 species of larval-pupal parasite were recorded. The larval parasiteMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) comprised 90.6% and 94.5% of all parasitic insects reared from field collectedHeliothis spp. in 1981 and 1982, respectively. No difference (P〉0.05) in level of parasitism existed betweenH. zea andH. virescens. Differences between treatments occurred only in 1982 whenH. zea larvae were parasitized at a greater (P〈0.05) rate in check fields (68.3%) than in insecticidal control fields (44.3%). Higher levels of larval parasitism in cotton fields may be a consequence of reduced insecticide usage and changes in materials applied, particularly the pyrethroids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The present paper describes the preparation and evaluation of the effectiveness as modifiers of a number of compounds of bis-type structure - principally aryl disulfides - in bulk styrene and emulsion butadiene polymerizations. This work endeavors to explore some of the objectives described in the first paper of this series, and deals primarily with attempts to gain quantitative information on the effect of the nature and location of substituting groups with respect to the dissociating bond. The compounds examined include both those containing reactive groups attached and those lacking such groups. A number of the preparations are now compounds. Evaluations in 50°C. bulk styrene were carried out with the objective of eliminating the complications of the diffusion factor always present in emulsion systems. Generally speaking, the correlation between effectiveness in bulk styrene and 50°C. emulsion butadiene was quite good, though there were exceptions. It was found that the modifier activity of many compounds in emulsion butadiene could be enhanced by predispersing them in the aqueous phase - presumably a result of minimizing the importance of diffusion rate. Some of the modifiers were also tested in a low temperature butadiene emulsion system. Aryl disulfides continue to offer the most promise from the standpoint of combining the features of attaining high transfer constants and ease of incorporating desired reactive groups. Some compounds had adequate activity in emulsion butadiene polymerizations for use as practical modifiers. However, it has not yet been established that these compounds cleave to give one-half the molecule on each end of the butadiene polymer chain, as has been done for styrene polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Hydronopyl acrylate has been synthesized by direct esterification of the alcohol with acrylic acid. Its homopolymer and a variety of copolymers, terpolymers, and a tetrapolymer have been prepared and their properties determined. The terpolymer containing equal weights of the acrylate, butadiene, and acrylonitrile is a good oil-resistant rubber with a gum tensile strength double that of a 31% acrylonitrile-69% butadiene copolymer. These properties were obtained at the expense of good low temperature properties. Some evidence has been obtained that hydronopyl acrylate polymerized in the presence of vinyl chloride gives a compatible mixture of polymer which can be milled satisfactorily.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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