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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen balance and root behavior in four pigeonpea-based intercropping systems (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 315-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: biological N2 fixation ; Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. intercropping ; minirhizotron ; natural15N abundance ; pigeonpea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750523
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Timing of N fertilization on N2 fixation, N recovery and soil profile nitrate dynamics on sorghum/pigeonpea intercrops on Alfisols on the semi-arid tropics (1997)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 48 (1997), S. 197-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency ; intercropping ; N budget ; pigeonpea ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cropping systems and fertilizer management strategies that effectively use applied nitrogen (N) are important in reducing costs of N inputs. We examined the effect of time of N application on dry matter (DM) and grain yield (GY), N accumulation, the N budget in crop from soil, fertilizer and atmosphere, and the fertilizer N use efficiency (estimated by the conventional difference method, and the direct 15N recovery by the crops), in a sorghum/pigeonpea intercropping system on an Alfisol (Ferric Luvisols (FAO); or Udic Rhodustalf (USDA) in India. Fertilizer N was applied at planting (basal) and at 40 days after sowing (delayed). Nitrogen was applied only to the sorghum rows in the intercropping treatment. Nitrogen derived from air (Ndfa) was estimated by the15 N natural abundance method, and N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) was estimated by the 15N isotope dilution method. Delaying N fertilization till 40 days after sowing (DAS), rather than applying at sowing increased DM and GY of the sorghum, but not of pigeonpea. Delaying N fertilization to sorghum for 40 days significantly (p〈0.001) increased 15N recovery in shoot from 15 to 32% in sole crop, and from 10 to 32% in intercrop. Similarly, there was a significant (p〈0.001) increase in N recovery (by the difference method) from 43 to 59% in sole crop and from 28 to 71 % in intercrop sorghum. Fertilizer N recovery by sole crop pigeonpea (14%) was higher than intercrop pigeonpea (2–4%). Pigeonpea fixed between 120–170 kg ha-1 of atmospheric N throughout the cropping season. Although there was a marked difference in nitrate-N (N03-N) concentrations between basal and delayed treatments at planting, no difference was observed in N03-N concentrations in soil solution between the treatments at 40 DAS. Our data on N accumulation by plants showed that the rate of N depletion or disappearance from the soil solution was 2–3 times faster than N accumulation by plants, suggesting that an appreciable amount of N03-N would disappear from soil solution in the top soil without being utilized by crops during the initial growth stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009788818738
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some aspects of nonisothermal crystallization of polymers. I. Relationship between crystallization temperature, crystallinity, and cooling conditions (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 1077-1091 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The changes in temperature and crystallinity of polymer during nonisothermal crystallization were theoretically analyzed assuming a cooling condition under which heat transfer occurs at a rate proportional to the difference in temperature between polymer and the environment. When a plateau appears in the temperature change during crystallization, crystallization temperature can be predicted by a simple method. This method gives nearly the same value as that obtained by successive calculations of temperature and crystallinity throughout the whole process. In addition, a graphic method is presented to predict crystallization temperature. By using the plateau temperature observed in melt-spinning experiments, the crystallization rate under molecular orientation is evaluated. Furthermore, a method applicable to estimating the ultimate crystallinity is proposed. A rough estimation of the increase in the rate of crystallization under molecular orientation was carried out for very high-speed spinning of poly(ethylene terephthalate).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1972.070160503
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some aspects of nonisothermal crystallization of polymers. II. Consideration of the isokinetic condition (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 1031-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the previous paper a practical method has been applied for an analysis of non-isothermal crystallization in terms of data of isothermal crystallization. The fundamental equation was written on the assumption of the isokinetic conditions in the following form: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ X\left( {\rm t} \right) = 1 - \exp \left[ { - \left( {\int_0^t {K\left( T \right)d\tau } } \right)^n } \right] $\end{document} where X(t) is the degree of phase transformation at time t, and n is the Avrami index determined in the isothermal experiments; K(T) is connected with the crystallization rate constant of the isothermal crystallization, k(T), through the relation K(T) = k(T)1/n. The equation is derived on the basis of the well-known theory of phase transformation. Experiments of nonisothermal crystallization of high-density polyethylene were carried out under various cooling conditions. The change in crystallinity during the process was followed by using the above equation in the course of the primary crystallization. A procedure of the analysis of the whole, including both the primary and secondary processes, is suggested as an eminently practical one on a more general assumption.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170404
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some aspects of nonisothermal crystallization of polymers. III. Crystallization during melt spinning (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 615-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization during melt spinning is studied as an example of the nonisothermal crystallization of polymers. The following equation is derived, taking the temperature distribution within a filament into consideration: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \kappa \nabla ^2 T = {\rm V} \cdot {\rm grad } \ T - \frac{{\Delta H}}{{C_p }}{\rm V} \cdot {\rm grad } \ X $$\end{document} where T = temperature, X = crystallinity, κ = thermal diffusivity, V = velocity, ΔH = heat of crystallization, and Cp = specific heat at constant pressure. The assumptions and the procedure for a numerical calculation of crystallinity and temperature within a running filament are described, and some results of calculation are illustrated. The results are compared with those obtained by a simpler calculation in which the radial temperature distribution is neglected. The simpler method proved useful in connection with x-ray measurements.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180223
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