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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 1127-1132 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: sensors ; cyclodextrin ; fluorescence ; solvents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Porous sol-gel glasses containing entrapped fluorescent-labelled β-cyclodextrin have been prepared from tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS). Small non-polar solvent molecules such as cyclohexane and toluene displace the fluorescent label from the cyclodextrin cavity, and the resulting decrease in fluorescence intensity is proportional to the solvent vapour concentration in the range 40–100 ppm, and is reversible. Polar solvents such as acetone give no response. Strategies for optimisation of the system are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 33 (1987), S. 1496-1506 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A practical application of advanced, model-based, multivariable control to a pilot plant packed-bed reactor carrying out highly exothermic butane hydrogenolysis reactions is presented. The system is first stabilized by using butane flow rate to control the reactor hot-spot temperature. Propane production and butane conversion are then controlled using multivariable controllers that manipulate the hot-spot temperature set point and hydrogen flow rate. The controller designs are based on multivariable transfer function models developed using multivariable time series and process identification methods.Two types of multivariable controllers are applied. The first is an internal model controller (IMC) utilizing a stabilized approximation of the model inverse and a tunable exponential filter. The second is a linear-quadratic (LQ) controller design using pulse transfer function models to characterize the process dynamics and autoregressive-moving average models to characterize the disturbances. The optimal control solution was arrived at via a spectral factorization solution to the Wiener-Hopf equations. The results indicate that both designs, if well tuned, provide good performance and robustness over a wide range of operation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 910-916 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of approaches to the optimal selection of sensor locations are presented, and some of these are applied to determine optimal thermocouple positions in a packed bed tubular reactor. As expected, the optimal locations were found to be those surrounding the hot spot location. The theory also revealed that for good state estimation and for goodlinear quadratic control of the reactor, only one or two well located temperature measurements are necessary rather than the entire temperature profile.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multivariable stochastic controller is implemented on a pilot scale, plug flow, butane hydrogenolysis reactor. In the synthesis of the controller, a multivariate time series model of the process disturbances is used. The success of this controller is compared to a previous controller where the process disturbances are not directly modeled.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A state space model is developed for an existing nonadiabatic packed-bed reactor which experiences axial and radial concentration and temperature gradients resulting from highly exothermic reactions involving several chemical species. The set of partial differential equations is reduced from three to two dimensions using orthogonal collocation. Further use of orthogonal collocation on the quasi steady state version of the differential equations results in a set of coupled algebraic and differential equations from which a linearized low-order state space model is obtained. The model parameters are estimated from reactor data, and the fitted model is used for design and implementation of a multivariable stochastic control schemes on the reactor. These applications are described in parts II and III of this paper.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A linear low-order state space dynamic model for a catalytic butane hydrogenolysis reactor which has been fitted to reactor dynamic data is used to develop a multivariable linear quadratic feedback control algorithm for regulatory control of the reactor exit concentrations using temperature measurements only. Kalman filter theory is used to obtain state estimates for the system. The control algorithm developed is implemented on the pilot plant reactor in a series of DDC control studies. The controller is shown to perform very well and considerably better than a single loop PI controller with a feedback on the hot spot temperature. Performance is evaluated both under the normal stochastic disturbances in the system and under a severe deterministic load disturbance. Exit concentrations predicted by the model and used in the performance index are shown to compare very favorably with actual concentrations obtained from a process gas chromatograph.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A state space model, developed for multivariable control studies on a pilot plant packed-bed reactor for the hydrogenolysis of butane, is fitted to experimental temperature and concentration data collected under unsteady state conditions. The parameters estimated are the fundamental transport parameters of the packed-bed reactor and a catalyst activity parameter. A discrete stochastic model for the process disturbances is also identified, and a principle component type of procedure is used to reduce its dimensionality and to gain insight into the nature of these distrubances.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1095-1106 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In recent years, there have been many papers published on the application of process control to plasticating extruders. Much of the literature concentrates on the more classical control techniques. However, recent research has studied the application of stochastic identification techniques for building transfer function models for the extruder. In particular, the relationship of screw speed to die pressure and temperature has been studied. In the present work, both step tests and pseudorandom binary sequence tests were used to study the process dynamics of a 38 mm Killion extruder having a Iength-to-diameter ratio of 24:1. This study concentrates on the regulation of the extruder pressure in the face of its inherent surging characteristics. Variations in the quality of the feed plastic were studied through pulse and step changes in input polymer composition. Significant control problems resulted from measurement noise, which appeared at the same frequency as the screw rotation speed. Various mathematical filters to reduce the effect of this noise on the control variables were studied.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 393-401 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This is a critical review of the recent literature on plasticating extruder dynamic modeling and control, The papers reviewed are divided into three categories: extruder disturbance studies, classical control and modeling studies, and stochastic control studies. It was found that most researchers have concentrated on modeling the long-term disturbances associated with the extruder melt temperature, melt pressure or extrudate thickness. The control problem for these variables has been treated to a much lesser extent. The difficult to control and industrially important high frequency disturbances have been, in the most part, neglected. Recommendations are made for the future direction of research into extruder control.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1247-1259 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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