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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photonic network communications 1 (1999), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1572-8188
    Keywords: optical crossconnect ; wavelength division multiplexing ; optical bypass ; grid network ; multihop network
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For communication services over transparent optical paths, specified in terms of bit rate and bit error probability, the maximum length is determined by detrimental physical effects like dispersion, crosstalk, noise or nonlinearities. Therefore, fiber-optic wide area networks employing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and optical bypassing have to be divided into several small transparent partitions. In this paper a scheme accounting for sufficiently short optical paths is introduced which is called Modular WDM-Gridconnect. In this approach the burden of interconnecting different network partitions (i.e., by using an overlay transport system as an interface) is spread over almost all nodes of the network. This property is referred to as distributed interfacing. The network can be extended step-by-step in a modular fashion adding no more than two nodes to the coverage area at a time. The advantageous properties of such an arrangement as compared to a straightforward partitioning are characterized by the cumulative transit traffic and the path lengths in a Modular WDM-Gridconnect cluster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photonic network communications 2 (2000), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 1572-8188
    Keywords: wavelength division multiplexing ; optical transport networking ; communication networks operations ; managed fiber ; optical crossconnecting ; customer premises equipment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The rapid introduction of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology in long distance fiber optic communication networks which has been observed in the recent years has been driven by line economy. Not merely the ability to overcome fiber scarcity, but also the savings associated with the replacement of many electronic regenerators by fewer optical amplifiers, have motivated the carriers to employ WDM. These arguments do not often apply to optical networking in metropolitan areas because transmission distances are short. For this reason, metro-WDM has been deployed in a few rare cases only, though it has been widely discussed by a broad scientific and industrial community. In this paper, an advanced operational concept for all optical transport networks in the metropolitan area is introduced. It focuses on node economy, i.e., the technical concepts to provide gigabit services access to the transport network at minimum cost, characterized by the following basic features: protocol independence, monitoring, protection and fast bandwidth provisioning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 24 (1986), S. 2185-2190 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation and the spectroscopic analysis of a dimeric adduct (V) obtained from 2-isopropenyl-5-butoxyoxazole (III) and α,α-azobis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN) (IV) are reported. It is noteworthy that (III) inhibits completely the homopolymerization of styrene. This is in strong opposition to the facile homopolymerization and copolymerization of 2-isopropenyl-4,5-dimethyloxazole with styrene. The smooth formation of (V) is also in sharp contrast to the lack of reactivity of (III) towards cationic initiators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gray box models combine the short development time of data-driven black box models with extrapolation properties of knowledge-driven first principles models (white box), which in (bio)chemical engineering are always based on macroscopic balances. By modeling the inaccurately known terms in a macroscopic balance with a black box model, one naturally obtains a so-called serial gray box model configuration. The identification data must cover only the input-output space of the inaccurately known terms, and the accurately known terms can be used for reliable extrapolation. In this way, the serial gray box configuration results in accurate models with known extrapolation properties with a limited experimental effort. This strategy is demonstrated for the modeling and control of a pressure vessel using real-time experiments. For this case, the strategy is superior to a black box modeling approach that requires much more data and to a parallel gray box approach that results in a model with poor extrapolation properties. Moreover, neural networks are an accurate and convenient modeling tool for the black part in gray box model configurations, because a very fast noniterative training algorithm is used for training neural networks.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 46 (1963), S. 1429-1445 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lactam formation from glutamic acid diesters is subject to catalysis by carbo-xylic acids in general and to base catalysis in alcohols. Kinetic measurements prove that catalysis by carboxylic acids is based on a push-pull mechanism provoked by the undissociated acid molecule and that the base catalysed reaction is due to the alcoholate anion and is therefore absent in aprotic solvents. Carboxylic acids exhibit catalysis as well as - at higher concentration - inhibition.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 56 (1962), S. 104-122 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The chain termination reaction in the polymerization of the LEUCHS-anhydride of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate has been investigated on model substances. Diesters of glutamic acid are stable in dioxane solution but decompose in the presence of carbon dioxide to yield pyroglutamic esters. This reaction represents an intramolecular aminolysis of an ester. Studying the kinetics of the reaction in the absence and presence of amines led to the conclusion that the catalyst of the system is an undissociated carbamic acid formed from the aminodiester and CO2. The catalysis proceeds by a two-centre push-pull mechanism. The proposed reaction mechanism explains the first order dependence on the CO2-pressure and the second order kinetics with respect to the substrate. The results obtained with the models are applied to the polymerization of LEUCHS-anhydrides of glutamates. The termination is rather unusual being a bimolecular reaction in which only one of the two chains is terminated.
    Notes: Die Kettenabbruchreaktion bei der Polymerisation von dem LEUCHSanhydrid des γ-Benzyl-L-glutamates wurde an Modellsubstanzen untersucht. Die Diester der Glutaminsäure sind in Dioxanlösung stabil, zerfallen aber in Anwesenheit von Kohlendioxyd und ergeben dabei Pyroglutaminsäureester. Diese Reaktion stellt die intramolekulare Aminolyse eines Esters dar. Das Studium der Reaktionskitnetik in Ab- und Anwesenheit von Aminen ergab, daß der Katalysator des Systems eine undissoziierte Carbaminsäure ist, gebildet aus dem Amino-diester und CO2. Die Katalyse läuft ab nach einem „Zwei-Centrenpush-pull“-Mechanismus. Der vorgeschlagene Reaktionsmechanismus erklärt, weshalb der CO2-Druck mit erster Ordnung, das Substrat mit zweiter Ordnung in das Reaktionsgeschehen eingehen. Die an Hand von Modellen erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden auf die Polymerisation von LEUCHSanhydriden von Glutamaten angewendet. Die Abbruchreaktion ist ziemlich ungewöhnlich, weil sie als bimolekulare Reaktion nur bei einer der beiden Ketten zum Kettenabbruch führt.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 29 (1896), S. 1189-1191 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 29 (1896), S. 1182-1189 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 13 (1975), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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