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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 65-71 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(arylene vinylene)s ; conducting polymers ; soluble precursor polymers ; polyelectrolytes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of bis(4,7-tetrahydrothiopheniomethyl) benzofuran dibromide with aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide leads to a water-soluble polyelectrolyte which can be film cast and thermolytically eliminated to give poly(4,7-benzofuran vinylene) (PBFV). Subjection of bis(4,7-tetrahydrothiopheniomethyl) benzothiophene dibromide to the same reaction sequence gives poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) (PBTV). UV-VIS studies show that PBFV has a band gap of 2.76 eV, while PBTV has a band gap of 2.92 eV. These polymers are members of a new class of conjugated poly (arylene vinylene)s, in which heterocyclic pseudoaromatic rings are fused onto a poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene) backbone. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 2067-2068 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 2167-2176 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyradicals ; magnetism ; polyacetylene ; polyphenylacetylene ; molecular magnetism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A photochemical precursor to a pendant conjugated polyradical has been synthesized, poly[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-[(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)oxalato]phenylacetylene], 3. Irradiation of 3 at 77 K in the solid state at 〈 300 nm yielded poly(3-5-di-tert-butyl-2-oxyphenyl acetylene), 2, with 30-40% of the expected number of radical spins. Spin yields on the surface of solid samples appears to be considerably higher. Electron spin resonance experiments showed no evidence of cooperative exchange interaction between the pendant spins. Computational modeling indicated that a major reason for the failure of this and other polyphenylacetylenes to show ferromagnetic exchange between spins is the substantial twisting of the polyacetylene backbone required by steric interactions, leading to deconjugation and a loss of exchange interaction between pendant radicals along the chain. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2167-2176, 1997
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: chemostat ; glucose limitation ; glycosylation ; CHO cells ; interferon-γ ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The physiology of a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell line in glucose-limited chemostat culture was studied over a range of dilution rates (D = 0.008 to 0.20 h-1). The specific growth rate (μ) deviated from D at low dilution rates due to an increased specific death rate. Extrapolation of these data suggested a minimum specific growth rate of 0.011 h-1 (μmax = 0.025 h-1) The metabolism at each steady state was characterized by determining the metabolic quotients for glucose, lactate, ammonia, amino acids, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The specific rate of glucose uptake increased linearly with μ, and the saturation constant for glucose (Ks) was calculated to be 59.6 μM. There was a linear increase in the rate of lactate production with a higher yield of lactate from glucose at high growth rates. The decline in the rate of production of lactate, alanine, and serine at low growth rate was consistent with the limitation of the glycolytic pathway by glucose. The specific rate of IFN-γ production increased with μ in a manner indicative of a growth-related product. Despite changes in the IFN-γ production rate and cell physiology, the pattern of IFN-γ glycosylation was similar at all except the lowest growth rates where there was increased production of nonglycosylated IFN-γ. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 557-570 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Of the experimental methods available for obtaining data to estimate the biological kinetic parameters μm, Ks, and Yeach requires considerable experimental effort, yet often yields somewhat imprecise estimates of the parameters, particularly Ks. Therefore it would be worthwhile to seek ways to get parameter estimates of greater precision using less experimental effort. The precision of parameter estimates is strongly dependent, upon the settings of the independent, variables used in the experiments. This dependence is explained and an attempt made to show how experimental settings can be determined that lead efficiently to precise parameter estimates with minimal effort.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 38 (1991), S. 371-379 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: plant tissue culture ; Papaver somniferum ; linear growth ; phosphate limitation ; modeling ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In examining the growth kinetics of cell suspensions of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), the increase in biomass with time was observed to be linear over the entire batch growth period of up to 20 days. Although batch growth profiles were reproducible utilizing the same inoculum, growth rates varied tremendously when experiments were inoculated with cells from different flasks. Both of these phenomena are difficult to explain with conventional batch growth models. In a series of a experiments, phosphate was determined to be the growth-rate-limiting substrate. By expressing growth rate in terms of the intracellular reserves of phosphorus, a growth model which expresses kinetics in terms of the intracellular phosphorus contents of the cells is shown to predict both linear growth character and inoculum dependent variability in growth. The stationary phase phosphate content of seven plant suspension cultures of different plant species was found to be comparable to phosphorus levels of phosphate-starved poppy cells, which suggests that phosphate limitation may be common for plant tissue culture. The applicability of this model to other biological systems which display similar batch growth patterns when subjected to inorganic nutrient deprivation is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: plant cell suspensions ; carbon utilization ; growth yield ; maintenance coefficient ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methodology is presented for the determination of growth yield (Yg) and maintenance coefficient (m) for carbon utilization of plant cells grown in suspension culture. Estimation of Yg and m requires measurements of specific growth rate (µ) and specific rate of substrate uptake (q) at different growth limiting substrate concentrations. Batch culture of tobacco cells did not permit evaluation of Yg and m because µ is constant and maximal during most of the growth cycle. In batch culture, the period of declining specific growth rate is extremely brief because of the rapid transition from logarithmic growth to stationary phase. This occurs because the Km for growth is relatively small compared to the initial sucrose concentration. Thus, when the substrate level reaches the Km, the large mass of cells rapidly depletes the remaining substrate. In contrast, semicontinuous culture facilitates the determination of Yg and m because various steady-state growth rates can be achieved. Mathematical expressions were developed to determine the effective values of µ and q over the semicontinuous replacement interval. The validity of this approach was verified by conducting simulations using experimentally determined parameters.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ovary ; interferon-γ ; chemostat culture ; glycosylation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line expressing recombinant human interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was grown under glucose limitation in a chemostate at a constant dilution rate of 0.015 h-1 with glucose feed concentrations of 2.75 mM and 4.25 mM. The changes in cell concentration that accompanied changes in the glucose feed concentration indicated that the cells were glucose-limited. The cell yield on glucose remained constant, but there was a decline in residual glucose concentration and a reduced lactate yield from glucose in the latter stages of the culture. The consumption rates for many of the essential amino acids were increased later in the culture. The volumetric rate of interferon-γ production was maintained throughout the course of this culture, indicating that IFN-γ expression was stable under these conditions. However, the specific rate of IFN-γ production was significantly lower at the higher glucose feed concentration. Under glucose limitation, the proportion of fully glycosylated IFN-γ produced by these cells was less than that produced in the early stages of batch cultures. The proportion of fully glycosylated IFN-γ increased during transient periods of glucose excess, suggesting that the culture environment influences the glycosylation of IFN-γ.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 41 (1993), S. 1027-1038 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: sensitivity coefficients ; metabolic sensitivity coefficients ; elasticities ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The application of metabolic control theory (MCT), or other methods of determining metabolic sensitivity to the rates of specific cellular processes, such as enzymatic reactions, requires knowledge of the elasticity coefficients (system partial derivatives) for the processes under study. Although rate equations are available in the literature for some enzymatic reactions, there are many reactions and processes for which this is not the case. Although one could perform the experiments necessary to determine the rate equations for a given system, these equations are, in fact, not required for the calculation of sensitivities-only the elasticities (the derivatives) are needed. A more direct and efficient approach would be to compute elasticities directly from experimental data. Errors can analysis and alternative regression techniques are presented which not only allow one to eliminate data components with excessive noise, but also provide guidance as to what additional data may be require for accurate sensitivity analysis. This information indicates which measurements require more accuracy and what additional experiments should be conducted to reduce errors in calculated metabolic sensitivity coefficients. © 1993 Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 38 (1991), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: fed-batch operation ; continuous approximation ; growth kinetics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In Cephalotaxus harringtonia plant cell cultures, periods of batch growth that are limited by hexose uptake are too short to make an accurate estimate of the Monod saturation constant. Continuous cultures are infeasible on a laboratory scale, and semicontinuous cultures require too frequent sampling. Fed-batch operation, consisting of intermittent removal from a culture that is fed continuously, was investigated as a possible solution to these problems. For a constant feed rate, computer simulations showed that a steady state can be achieved which is useful for studying growth at different specific growth rates. In terms of the dilution rate it was confirmed that the operation is essentially equivalent to continuous culture when the samples represent a small fraction of the total culture volume. Experiments with glucose or fructose as the carbon source were carried out in shake flasks fed by a multichannel syringe pump. Results indicate that Monod kinetics based on medium glucose levels cannot adequately describe growth under these conditions. Monod's expression for specific growth rate using internal glucose concentration gives an improved correlation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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