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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural interpretations of mechanical properties of polycrystalline polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 178-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Structural changes are considered in light of the two differing views of the structure of crystalline polymers involving either a two phase structure or a single phase structure involving detects. A compromise picture is proposed which appears consistent with existing experimental evidence. Optical methods are described for analyzing structural changes accompanying deformation of these polymers. These include x-ray diffraction, static and dynamic birefringence measurements and dynamic light scattering studies. The results are consistent with a two stage deformation process involving first the elastic deformation of a spherulitic or crystalline structure followed by an internal rearrangement of crystals within this structure, taking place by a number of mechanisms such as recrystallization, defect migration, plastic flow and crystal rotation. The time dependence of some of these processes is studied and related to structural features.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040308
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light scattering studies of hi-impact polystyrene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1409-1420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle light scattering techniques have been used to evaluate the factors controlling the transparency of two hi-impact polystyrene films. These factors were found to include surface smoothness, volume fraction of the phases in the system, the difference of the refractive indices of the phases, and the sizes of the phases. The elongation of the rubber phase during processing was also determined.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280414
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orientation in acrylonitrile copolymers (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3407-3426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rubber modified and unmodified poly(acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate) (75/25) copolymers [(Barex® resins) (Barex® is a registered trademark of Vistron Corporation, a subsidiary of The Standard Oil Company, Ohio)] were stretched at varying strain rates at different temperatures. Molecular orientation of the stretched samples at different extension ratios was determined using birefringence, the X-ray orientation factor, and infrared dichroism. The birefringence of rubber modified copolymers, which were prepared by graft copolymerization of the poly(acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate) copolymer with 10 parts (by weight) of a poly(butadiene/acrylonitrile) rubber, is found to be appreciably different as compared with the birefringence of unmodified poly(acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate) copolymer. The possible reasons for this difference are discussed. The orientation measured from the three techniques is compared, and the effects of temperature of stretching and of strain to are discussed. The maximum values of the birefringence of these two copolymers and that of the polyacrylonitrile have been estimated. Transition moment angles for CH2 and C≡N stretching bonds are obtained. From the birefringence data at various temperatures and strain rates, the activation energies of these two copolymers have been obtained.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270918
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1969 SPE international award paper. Rheo-optics on two continents - an example of international cooperation in sciencePrepared while the writer was serving as a Fulbright Visiting Professor at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. The work described here has been supported by the Office of Naval Research, the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society, and the National Science Foundation. (1969)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 320-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rheo-optical techniques for the study of crystalline polymers, developed primarily in the United States and Japan, include dynamic birefringence, X-ray diffraction, dichroism, light scattering, and fluorescence. These permit the characterization of the rates of orientation of crystals, amorphous regions, and crystalline superstructures. The application of these methods has permitted the formulation of a model for the deformation of crystalline polymers.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760090503
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The crystalline morphology of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methylmethacrylate) blends (1984)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVF2, as well as blends of PVF2 with poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, develop a variety of crystalline morphologies at low undercoolings. Both the α and γ crystal forms grow from the melt and the former undergoes a solid-solid phase transition to the latter, though its morphology remains unaltered. Three melting temperatures which decrease with increasing PMMA content are observed. Hoffman-Weeks analysis shows the equilibrium melting points of the blends to be depressed. Using these equilibrium values, the thermodynamic interaction energy density is calculated to go from -5.40 × 106 to -2.96 × 107 j/m3 as the blend composition goes from 40.1 volume percent to pure PVF2. The band periodicity in the α form spherulites increases with crystallization temperature and PMMA content and it appears to be from a lamellar reorientation process with an apparent activation energy of 322 cal/mole. Electron diffraction patterns taken along the radial direction in a given spherulite reveal lamellar twisting which causes the banded appearance. Light scattering results suggest that the lamellar are formed into rod-like structures on a local scale but that on a larger scale they develop a disoriented spherulitic morphology.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760240505
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-dependence of crystal orientation in crystalline polymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The results of two methods for studying molecular processes accompanying the deformation of polyethylene are described. The examination of spherulite deformation by observing light scattering patters along with measurement of the birefringence, stress and strain during the rapid extension of polyethylene shows that this initial structural deformation is essentially instantaneous. Dynamic x-ray diffraction shows that this is followed by a slower relaxation involving change in the orientation of the crystals by two processes, the lower temperature one involving slipping of lamellae past each other and the higher temperature one involving viscoelastic flow of the crystals.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080405
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion of miscible polymers in multilayer films (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34 (1987), S. 1861-1877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal and optical properties of multilayer films of miscible polyethyloxazoline (PEOx) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) have been studied as a function of time and temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the distinct, characteristic Tg's of the component polymers of the original films disappear after only short heating periods above Tg, and a single transition appears. The new transition region is broad at first, but narrows on subsequent heating. The measurement of light transmittance as a function of wavelength through the heat-treated films also confirms the diffusion of the miscible polymers and gives results which are comparable to the thermal measurements. Films from immiscible polymers of polystyrene and PEOx retain their properties after various heat treatments. A qualitative discussion of the diffusion process as examined by the thermal measurements is presented.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340506
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some mechanical and optical properties of CFN polymersSupported in part by a contract with the Office of Naval Research and in part by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Plax Corp. and by assistance from the Monsanto Chemical Co. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 4 (1960), S. 349-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical and optical studies have been carried out on high temperature fluorinated triazine-derived elastomers. These behave as crosslinked rubbers, having low ultimate elongations and tensile strengths and showing a tendency toward development of a crystallike order.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1960.070041212
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical characterization of solid-state coextruded PET (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 251-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been solid state coextruded to a series of draw ratios up to 4.4 at 50, 60, 70 and 90°C. These uniaxially drawn samples have been examined by optical microscopy and light scattering and for increases in crystallinity and birefringence as a function of draw ratio and draw temperature. The birefringence for PET may be among the highest yet reported - 0.21.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300120
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic birefringence and dynamic mechanical studies on acrylonitrile copolymers (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34 (1987), S. 1703-1712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic birefringence and dynamic mechanical studies have been done on (i) acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate copolymer and (ii) rubber-modified copolymer, in the frequency range of 0.06-5.55 Hz (acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate copolymer only at 0.92 Hz) and temperature range of -85 to +85°C. These studies were made on a computerized dynamic birefringence apparatus. A comparison of the dynamic birefringence and dynamic mechanical properties in the rubber-modified copolymer reveals a rubber glass transition peak, which is much more pronounced in dynamic birefringence data than in dynamic mechanical data. In addition to the glass transition of the rubber part in the rubber modified copolymer, there is a main transition of the copolymer in the vicinity of 80°C. Before the main transition there is a shoulder in the mechanical and optical loss curves. The reasons for the occurrence of the shoulder are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340428
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