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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 105-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Villous stroma ; Fixed stromal cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In human placental villi the connective tissue is constructed by mesenchymal cells, small and large reticulum cells and fibroblasts. During early pregnancy mesenchymal cells dominate; starting with the third month of gestation the reticulum cells are in the majority within the terminal villi, the fibroblasts within the stem villi. Ultrastructurally intermediary types of cells can be differentiated. Together with reticular and collagenous fibres the reticulum cells form the basic architecture of the villous stroma during the first 2/3 of gestation: the “reticular type of stroma”. This consists of a network of cells and fibres with fetal vessels fitted in between. The remaining interspaces form a fluid system of compartments in which Hofbauer cells are suspended. They are called stromal channels. During the last trimester these channels and the Hofbauer cells as well are progressively replaced either by voluminous masses of fibres (“fibrous type of stroma”, mainly in the stem villi) or by sinusoidal enlargements of fetal capillaries (“sinusoidal type of stroma”, mainly in the terminal villi).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 266-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human Placenta ; Polypoid Protrusions ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Endothelium ; Stromal cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Reife menschliche Plazenten weisen an der Ober- und Unterseite des Syncytiotrophoblasten, an der freien Oberfläche des Kapillarendothels und an den Stromazellen 0,5–15 μ große polypartige Cytoplasmavorwölbungen auf. Diese sind in den basalen und marginalen Plazentazonen gehäuft anzutreffen und liegen bevorzugt in der Nähe von Fibrinoidablagerungen. — Zunächst bilden sich an den Stellen der späteren Polypen breitbasige Vorbuchtungen. Bei weiterem Wachstum werden die Gebilde gestielt, ihr Plasma wird heller und ihr Gehalt an Zellorganellen nimmt ab. Nach Erreichen einer bestimmten Größe werden die Polypen in die Blutbahn oder in das Stroma abgegeben. — Histochemische Enzym-und Lipoidnachweise fallen stets, KH-Nachweise meist negativ aus. Die Ninhydrin-Schiff-Reaktion ist schwach positiv.— Unter Berücksichtigung der Hinweise anderer Autoren ergibt sich, daß derartige polypöse Bildungen bevorzugt in embryonalen Geweben und in Geweben mit hoher funktioneller Belastung bei gleichzeitig mangelhafter Energieversorgung auftreten.
    Notes: Summary In mature human placentas the free as well as the basal surface of the syncytium, the free surface of the endothelium of capillaries and stromal cells show polypoid cytoplasmic protrusions of 0,5–15 μ in diameter. They are found mainly in the basal and marginal zone of the placenta, lying closely related to fibrinoid deposits. The polypoid protrusions develop from broad evaginations. These evaginations enlarge, their base is transformed into a stalk, their cytoplasm becomes lighter, and the cell organelles decrease in number. After reaching a certain size, the protrusions are set free into the bloodstream or into the core of the villi. Histochemical reactions for enzymes and lipids are always, those for carbohydrates mostly negative. The Ninhydrin-Schiff-reaction gives a weak staining. — With respect to the significance of the protrusions it is interesting to note that they are found mainly in embryonic tissues and in highly active tissues which have an inadequate energy supply at the same time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 647-655 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Classification of chorionic villi ; Fixed stromal cells ; Macrophages ; Placenta (human) ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in fixed stromal cells and Hofbauer cells were studied throughout pregnancy in different types of placental chorionic villi by scanning electron microscopy. In the mesenchymal villus the fixed stromal cells were characterized by thin cytoplasmic processes. Hofbauer cells exhibited blebs on their surface. Large sail-like processes with a crescent profile which surrounded well developed stromal channels and a small cell body typified the small reticulum cells of the immature intermediate villus. The Hofbauer cells here displayed blebs, microplicae and large lamellipodia. Short cytoplasmic expansions and a large cell body characterized the fibroblasts present inside the stem villus. Hofbauer cells were rare, having blebs or a few short lamellipodia. The mature intermediate villus contained small and large reticulum cells. The latter had a much larger cell body than the small ones and displayed a few short cytoplasmic processes partly delimiting narrow incomplete stromal channels. Occasional Hofbauer cells with small microplicae and/or blebs were present. The small reticulum cells and fibroblasts present in the terminal villus showed similar morphological features as above. However, the former exhibited less developed cytoplasmic extensions and therefore no stromal channels were observed. In the terminal villus, the morphology of the rare Hofbauer cells was similar to that found in the mature intermediate villus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 242-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human Placenta ; Placenta villi ; Langhans cells ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Syncytial Bridges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zottentrophoblast der reifen menschlichen Plazenta ist uneinheitlich gebaut. Es kommen verschiedenartige Langhanszellen und größere Unterschiede in der Ultrastruktur des Syncytiotrophoblasten vor. Hieraus resultiert eine mosaikartige Bauweise der Oberfläche der Einzelzotte. Insgesamt besitzt die Plazenta eine regionale und zonale Gliederung. — Im einzelnen fallen unter den Langhanszellen 4 Typen auf: eine undifferenzierte „Stammzelle“, eine ausdiffernzierte Übergangsform zum Syncytium, eine Degenerationsform sowie eine granulierte Form unklarer Bedeutung. — Die Hauptmasse des Trophoblasten nimmt jedoch das Syncytium mit überwiegend rauhem endoplasmatischen Reticulum (e.R.) ein. Nach Besatz mit Mikrovilli und Weite des e.R. lassen sich 4 Untergruppen unterscheiden: 1. Syncytium mit dichtem Mikrovillusbesatz und engen Zisternen, 2. Syncytium mit dichtem Mikrovillusbesatz und stark dilatierten Zisternen, 3. Syncytium ohne oder mit wenigen kurzen Mikrovilli und stark dilatierten Zisternen, 4. Syncytium ohne oder mit wenigen kurzen Mikrovilli und engen Zisternen, die als Stadien eines Resorptions-Digestions-Zyklus aufgefaßt werden. Gruppen benachbarter Zotten zeigen stets das gleiche Funktionsstadium. — Im Syncytium fallen ferner extrem dünne Abschnitte über Kapillaren und Langhanszellen auf, die dem passiven Stoffaustausch dienen dürften. Diese Abschnitte wechseln auf der Zottenoberfläche mit den e.R.-haltigen ab. — Besonders kernreiche Stellen des Syncytiotrophoblasten werden je nach äußerer Gestalt in Syncytialknoten, Proliferationsknoten und Syncytialbrücken unterteilt. Sie stellen unterschiedliche Stadien einer Brückenbildung zwischen benachbarten Zotten dar. Ihre weiteren Funktionen sind unklar. Abschnitte mit typischem engem, glatten e.R. kommen als Orte der Steroidsynthese in Frage. Organellenarme Syncytiumzonen und solche mit regressiven Veränderungen (maximal dilatiertes glattes e.R., homogenes Plasma) treten ebenfalls in geringer Menge auf. — Grundsätzlich scheinen alle Abschnitte, die dem aktiven Stoffaustausch und dem Umbau dienen, subchorial häufiger vorzukommen; alle sezernierenden und regressiven Formen liegen dagegen vermehrt basal und marginal.
    Notes: Summary The villar trophoblast of full term human placentas is not uniformely made up. Different types of Langhans cells and major differences in the ultrastructure of the syncytial trophoblast are observed. Thus, the surface of the villi shows a mosaic structure. In the placenta as a whole, different regions and zones may be distinguished. Four types of Langhans cells are discerned: 1. undifferentiated „stem cells“, 2. differentiated transitional cells changing into syncytium, 3. degenerating cells, and 4. granulated cells of unknown significance. — The largest part of the trophoblast is made up by syncytium characterized by well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (e.r.). With regard to the microvillar covering and the width of the cisternae e.r. 4 types of syncytium can be distinguished: 1. Syncytium with many microvilli and narrow cisternae, 2. syncytium with many microvilli and wide cisternae, 3. syncytium without or with few short microvilli and wide cisternae, 4. syncytium without or with few short microvilli and narrow cisternae. These different types are interpreted as morphological signs of an absorption-digestion cycle. Groups of neighbouring villi are always in the same state of function. — Furthermore, extremely thin parts of the syncytium covering capillaries and Langhans cells are conspicuous, which, it is suggested, could serve the passive interchange of substances. Regions with thin syncytium alternate with e.r.-containing syncytium. — Parts of the syncytial trophoblast characterized by the presence of many nuclei are subdivided, according to their shape, into syncytial knots, proliferation knots, and syncytial bridges. They represent different stages in the formation of junctions between neighbouring villi. Their further functions are unclear. Regions with narrow, smooth e.r. are interpreted as sites of steroid synthesis. Furthermore, syncytial zones with few organelles and zones with degenerative changes (maximally dilated smooth e.r., homogeneous cytoplasm) were seen in small number. — Altogether it appears that regions showing signs of an active interchange of substances and of reconstruction lie preferably subchorially while those involved in secretory and regressive processes lie mainly basally and marginally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Bovine milk ; Multivariate optimization ; Glycerophospholipids ; Molecular species separation ; Chemometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The molecular species profile, representing the fatty acid combinations on the glycerol backbone, is the most fundamental description of an intact glycerophospholipid class and provides a key to understanding its functional characteristics. We have developed a powerful RP-HPLC method for the separation of molecular species, including so-called “critical pairs”, of natural mixtures of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine from bovine milk and other natural sources. We have used a novel multivariate development and optimization strategy to locate the region of optimum separation conditions within a prechosen domain of the chromatographic parameter space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Sphingomyelin ; Molecular species separation ; Experimental design and optimization ; Chemometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An improved method has been developed for the separation of molecular species of intact sphingomyelins from natural sources (chicken egg yolk, bovine brain, and bovine milk) by high performance liquid chromatography with light-scattering detection. The method was developed and optimized using a novel multivariate optimization strategy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Lipid class analysis ; Experimental design and optimization ; Chemometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A general method for the analysis of lipid classes by liquid chromatography has been developed using a multivariate optimization strategy to target optimal system conditions. The method was validated using a ruggedness test in the form of a Plackett-Burman design thereby exploring the immediate region around the optimum to ensure stable analytical conditions. Detection and quantitation were optimized by a factorial design in the light scattering detector parameters thus ensuring maximum detector response. This method was found to be suitable for a broad range of lipid sources from vegetable and animal origin, examples of the separation achieved are given for oat kernel, soybean and bovine milk lipids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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