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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy (1997)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 23 (1997), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Candidemia ; Critically ill patients ; Non-neutropenic ; APACHE II score ; Intensive care unit ; Antifungal therapy ; Fluconazole ; Amphotericin B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To determine the incidence and prognosis of candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients, to define mortality-related factors, and to evaluate the results of systemic antifungal therapy. Design: A prospective multicenter survey in which medical and/or surgical intensive care units (ICUs) in 28 hospitals in Spain participated. Patients: All critically ill patients with positive blood cultures for Candida species admitted to the participating ICUs over a 15-month period were included. Interventions: Candidemia was defined as the presence of at least one positive blood culture containing Candida species. The follow-up period was defined as the time elapsed from the first positive blood culture for Candida species to discharge or death during hospitalization. Antifungal therapy was considered to be “early” when it was administered within 48 h of the date when the first positive blood culture was obtained and “late” when it was administered more than 48 h after the first positive blood culture. Measurements and main results: Candidemia was diagnosed in 46 patients (mean age 59 years), with an incidence of 1 critically ill patient per 500 ICU admissions. The species most frequently isolated were Candida albicans (60%) and C. parapsilosis (17%). Fluconazole alone was given to 27 patients, amphotericin B alone to 10, and sequential therapy to 6. Three patients did not receive antifungal therapy. The overall mortality was 56% and the attributable mortality 21.7%. In the univariate analysis, mortality was significantly associated with a higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score at the onset of candidemia (p=0.04) and with the time elapsed between the episode of candidemia and the start of antifungal therapy 48 h or more later (p〈0.02). Patients with an APACHE II score lower than 21 at the onset of candidemia had a higher probability of survival than patients who were more seriously ill (p=0.04). Patients with “early” antifungal therapy (≤48 h between the onset of candidemia and the start of antifungal therapy) had a higher probability of survival compared with patients with late therapy (p=0.06). No significant differences were noted between the two groups on different antifungal therapy. Conclusions: The incidence of candidemia in ICU patients was very low. An APACHE II score 〉20 at the time of candidemia was associated with a higher mortality. Further studies with a large number of patients are needed to assess the effect of early antifungal therapy on the decrease in mortality associated with candidemia and to determine the appropriate dosage of fluconazole and duration of treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340050286
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen fertilization in citrus (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 339-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Citrus ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen absorption ; Nitrogen isotope ; Nitrogen nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer labelled with15N was studied during the flowering and fruit set periods inCitrus mitis Bl., trees grown in sand culture. The absorbed N was concentrated preferentially in ovaries, young fruits, new flush leaves and new flush twigs, but N supplied to these organs comes mostly from the N reserve in old leaves, old twigs and stem, and roots, and less than 3% of the absorbed N reached ovaries and young fruits. Nitrogen translocation to young fruits was higher during the fruit set period. Spring leaves were an essential organ since they received a large portion of the absorbed N and were quickly converted into a supplying organ. Old leaves, old twigs and stem, and roots supplied a great deal of N to developing organs; during fruit set, their N supply was replenished with N coming from fertilizer. During flowering, trees absorbed 30 mg per 1000g of whole tree (dry weight) and per day. During fruit set, this amount increased considerably.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183800
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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