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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 68 (1997), S. 485-495 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Traumatische Rückenmarkläsion ; Neurologische Untersuchung ; Elektrophysiologie ; Prognose motorischer Funktionen ; Key words Spinal cord injury ; Clinical examination ; Electrophysiology ; Prognosis of motor functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The clinical examination of patients with spinal cord injury can be supplemented by electrophysiological techniques (somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP), motor-evoked potentials (MEP), electroneurography) to assess the extent and severity of a spinal cord injury. As essential advantage of these techniques in comparison with the clinical examination is that they can be reliably applied even in uncooperative patients. These techniques allow an early prognosis of the functional deficit in patients with acute spinal cord injury. Recordings of tibial nerve SSEP and MEP of the anterior tibial muscle allow to predict the outcome of ambulatory capacity, while recordings of pudendal nerve SSEP allow prognosis of the bladder function to be assessed. In tetraplegic patients median and ulnar nerve SSEP and MEP of the abductor digiti minimi muscle can indicate the development of hand function. Electroneurography allows to differentiate between the proportion of peripheral and central nervous lesions underlying the muscle paresis. This is of prognostic value with regard to the development of muscle tone and consequently for planning therapy. The electrophysiological examinations are of complementary value in the diagnostic assessment of spinal cord lesions, in the prediction of functional outcome, and in monitoring the course of neurological deficits. This is helpful for planning and selection of appropriate therapeutic approaches (e.g. functional electrical stimulation, application of botulinum toxin, splinting procedures) within the rehabilitation programme.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Ergänzung zur neurologischen Untersuchung können elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen (somatosensibel-evozierte Potentiale, SSEP; transkranielle Magnetstimulation, MEP; Elektroneurographie) zur Erfassung der Schwere und Ausdehnung einer traumatischen Rückenmarkläsion und zur weiteren Planung diagnostischer Maßnahmen eingesetzt werden. Zusätzlich zur klinischen Untersuchung ermöglichen diese Methoden auch bei eingeschränkt kooperationsfähigen Patienten eine Beurteilung der Rückenmarkläsion. Zudem erlauben sie prognostische Aussagen über die weitere Entwicklung der neurologischen Ausfälle und deren funktionellen Konsequenzen für den Patienten. Bei Patienten mit akuter Rückenmarkläsion korrelieren die Tibialis-SSEP und -MEP des M. tibialis anterior mit der zu erwartenden Gehfunktion und die Pudendus-SSEP mit der Blasenfunktion. Bei Tetraplegikern ergeben die Medianus- und Ulnaris- SSEP sowie MEP des M. abductor digiti minimi Hinweise auf die zu erwartende Handfunktion. Durch die elektroneurographische Untersuchungen kann früh die Entwicklung eines schlaffen oder spastischen Tonus paretischer Hand- und Beinmuskeln erfaßt werden. Dies ist für die funktionelle Prognose und Wahl der bestmöglichen Therapie (z.B. Lagerungsbehandlung, funktionelle elektrische Stimulation, Botulinumtoxinapplikation) von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungen sind somit nicht nur für die Diagnostik wichtig, sondern auch für die frühe Prognosestellung und Rehabilitationsplanung einer funktionellen Behinderung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 115 (1997), S. 234-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Human gait ; Transcranial magnetic stimulation ; Motor cortex ; Leg flexor/extensor muscle ; Corticospinal input
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex was applied during locomotion to investigate the significance of corticospinal input upon the gait pattern. Evoked motor responses (EMR) were studied in the electromyogram (EMG) of tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GM) and, for reference, abductor digiti minimi (AD) muscles by applying below-threshold magnetic stimuli during treadmill walking in healthy adults. Averages of 15 stimuli introduced randomly at each of 16 phases of the stride cycle were analysed. Phase-dependent amplitude modulation of EMR was present in TA and GM which did not always parallel the gait-associated modulation of the EMG activity. No variation of onset latency of the EMR was observed. The net modulatory response was calculated by comparing EMR amplitudes during gait with EMR amplitudes obtained (at corresponding background EMG activities) during tonic voluntary muscle contraction. Large net responses in both muscles occurred prior to or during phasic changes of EMG activity in the locomotor pattern. This facilitation of EMR was significantly higher in leg flexor than extensor muscles, with maxima in TA prior to and during late swing phase. A comparison of this facilitation of TA EMR prior to swing phase and prior to a phasic voluntary foot dorsiflexion revealed a similar onset but an increased amount of early facilitation in the gait condition. The modulated facilitation of EMR during locomotion could in part be explained by spinal effects which are different under dynamic and static motor conditions. However, we suggest that changes in corticospinal excitability during gait are also reflected in this facilitation. This suggestion is based on: (1) the similar onset yet dissimilar size of facilitatory effects in TA EMR prior to the swing phase of the stride cycle and during a voluntary dynamic activation, (2) the inverse variation of EMR and EMG amplitudes during this phase, and (3) the occurrence of this inversion at stimulation strengths below motor threshold (motor threshold was determined during weak tonic contraction and EMR were facilitated during gait). It is hypothesized that the facilitation is phase linked to ensure postural stability and is most effective during the phases prior to and during rhythmical activation of the leg muscles resulting in anticipatory adjustment of the locomotor pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Human gait ; Transcranial magnetic stimulation ; Motor cortex ; Leg flexor/extensor muscle ; Corticospinal input ; Visual control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to investigate visuomotor control during human gait. It was assumed that visual input should modulate transcranially evoked motor potentials (EMPs) during walking. The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a visually guided precision stepping task was compared with that during normal gait. EMPs were studied in tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GM), and abductor digiti minimi (AD) muscles during treadmill walking. In both stepping tasks, a facilitation of EMPs was observed prior to activation of the respective leg muscle. EMP facilitation proved to be modulated throughout the stride cycle when normalising EMP with respect to the underlying electromyogram (EMG). Facilitation was strongest in TA prior to the swing phase. Significant differences of EMP facilitation between the visual and control tasks were present. In the visual task, maximal facilitation of TA EMPs prior to and during the swing phase was decreased compared to the control task. Conversely, there was increased facilitation of GM EMPs during swing phase of the visual task, prior to the heel strike and prior to the plantarflexion, which was the moment when the target was hit. Thus, the effect of visual input upon EMPs in TA and GM was differential and reciprocal according to the respective functional state. The results support the hypothesis of a conditioning effect of visual or, alternatively volitional, drive on EMPs during stepping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of developmental and physical disabilities 4 (1992), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1573-3580
    Keywords: diet ; self-injurious behavior ; neurodevelopmental disability ; autism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the relationship between self-injurious behavior and caloric intake. Behavioral, dietary, and weight/height indices obtained on 80 neurodevelopmentally disabled and autistic clients revealed that maintenance on high caloric diets significantly predicted the occurrence of self-injurious behavior in male clients. Male clients with self-injurious behavior were also outside their recommended weight to height index. Systematic studies are needed to assess the relationship among diet, the endogenous opioid system, and self-injurious behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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