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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nuclear medicine 24 (1997), S. 797-808 
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Single-photon emission tomography ; Maximum likelihood reconstruction ; Fast image processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although the potential benefits of maximum likelihood reconstruction have been recognised for many years, the technique has only recently found widespread popularity in clinical practice. Factors which have contributed to the wider acceptance include improved models for the emission process, better understanding of the properties of the algorithm and, not least, the practicality of application with the development of acceleration schemes and the improved speed of computers. The objective in this article is to present a framework for applying maximum likelihood reconstruction for a wide range of clinically based problems. The article draws particularly on the experience of the three authors in applying an acceleration scheme involving use of ordered subsets to a range of applications. The potential advantages of statistical reconstruction techniques include: (a) the ability to better model the emission and detection process, in order to make the reconstruction converge to a quantitative image, (b) the inclusion of a statistical noise model which results in better noise characteristics, and (c) the possibility to incorporate prior knowledge about the distribution being imaged. The great flexibility in adapting the reconstruction for a specific model results in these techniques having wide applicability to problems in clinical nuclear medicine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nuclear medicine 24 (1997), S. 797-808 
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Key words: Single-photon emission tomography ; Maximum likelihood reconstruction ; Fast image processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Although the potential benefits of maximum likelihood reconstruction have been recognised for many years, the technique has only recently found widespread popularity in clinical practice. Factors which have contributed to the wider acceptance include improved models for the emission process, better understanding of the properties of the algorithm and, not least, the practicality of application with the development of acceleration schemes and the improved speed of computers. The objective in this article is to present a framework for applying maximum likelihood reconstruction for a wide range of clinically based problems. The article draws particularly on the experience of the three authors in applying an acceleration scheme involving use of ordered subsets to a range of applications. The potential advantages of statistical reconstruction techniques include: (a) the ability to better model the emission and detection process, in order to make the reconstruction converge to a quantitative image, (b) the inclusion of a statistical noise model which results in better noise characteristics, and (c) the possibility to incorporate prior knowledge about the distribution being imaged. The great flexibility in adapting the reconstruction for a specific model results in these techniques having wide applicability to problems in clinical nuclear medicine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: AM1 ; Conformational analysis ; Hexahydrotetrazine ; Tetrahydrodioxadiazine ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Experimenteller Test der Strukturvorhersagen semiempirischer Methoden: Bis(1,2-dioxa-4,6-diazacycloheptano) [4′,5′,6′: 1,6,5]-[4″,5″,6″: 2,3,4]-1,2,4,5-tetraazacyclohexan; Ein 7:6:7-tricyclisches System, das von der AM1-Methode korrekt als stabiler als sein 6:6:6-tricyclisches Isomer beschrieben wirdDas aus Hydrazinsulfat, Formaldehyd und Wasserstoffperoxid entstehende tricyclische Kondensationsprodukt 3a, dessen 7:6:7-Struktur bereits früher durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt wurde, liegt laut NMR-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen in Lösung als Konformerengemisch aus 3a und 3b vor. Aus AM1- Rechnungen ergibt sich, daß die beiden 7:6:7-Strukturen 3a und 3b nahezu energiegleich und stabiler sind als die 6:6:6-Isomeren 2a, 2b und 2c. MNDO sagt die umgekehrte Stabilität voraus [ΔHf(2) 〈 ΔHf(3)]. Durch AM1-Berechnungen von Modellverbindungen, die in den tricyclischen Systemen als Untereinheiten enthalten sind, wird gezeigt, daß für die relativen Energieunterschiede drei wesentliche Einflüsse verantwortlich sind: a) Die 1,3-Wechselwirkung nichtbindender Elektronenpaare in den 6:6:6-Systemen,b) die Ringspannung der zentralen Tetraazacyclohexan-Einheit der 7:6:7-Systeme und c) die günstigen sterischen Voraussetzungen zur konformativen Stabilisierung des 7:6:7-Systems durch den anomeren Effekt.
    Notes: The condensation product 3a of hydrazine sulfate, formaldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, for which the tricyclic 7:6:7-ring structure 3a was previously established for the solid state by X-ray analysis, exists as a mixture of conformations 3a and 3b in solution. AM1 calculations show the two 7:6:7-tricyclic conformers 3a and 3b to be of approximately equal energy, and substantially lower in energy than the three isomeric 6:6:6-perhydroheteroanthracene conformers 2a, 2b and 2c. By contrast, analogous MNDO calculations predicted that the perhydroanthracene analog conformers 2, should be more stable than 3 [ΔHf(2) 〈 ΔHf(3)]. AM1 calculations of model compounds, containing various subunits of the tricyclic systems, demonstrate that three significant factors are responsible for the relative energies: a) The 1,3-lone pair repulsions in the 6:6:7 system. b) The ring strain of the central tetra-aza unit in the 7:6:7 system. c) The advantageous energetic consequences of the anomeric effect in the stable conformation of the 7:6:7 system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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