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  • Organic Chemistry  (10)
  • Deglutition disorders  (5)
  • Connective tissue  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurogenic dysphagia: What is the cause when the cause is not obvious? (1994)
    Springer
    Dysphagia 9 (1994), S. 245-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0460
    Keywords: Neurogenic dysphagia ; Oropharyngeal dysfunction ; Videofluoroscopy ; Deglutition ; Deglutition disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The potential causes of neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia in cases in which the underlying neurologic disorder is not readily apparent are discussed. The most common basis for unexplained neurogenic dysphagia may be cerebrovascular disease in the form of either confluent periventricular infacts or small, discrete brainstem stroke, which may be invisible by magnetic resonance imaging. The diagnosis of occult stroke causing pharyngeal dysphagia should not be overlooked, because this diagnosis carries important treatment implications. Motor neuron disease producing bulbar palsy, pseudobulbar palsy, or a combination of the two can present as gradually progressive dysphagia and dysarthria with little if any limb involvement. Myopathies, especially polymyositis, and myasthenia gravis are potentially treatable disorders that must be considered. A variety of medications may cause or exacerbate neurogenic dysphagia. Psychiatric disorders can masquerade as swallowing apraxia. The basis for unexplained neurogenic dysphagia can best be elucidated by methodical evaluation including careful history, neurologic examination, videofluoroscopy of swallowing, blood studies (CBC, chemistry panel, creatine kinase, B12, thyroid screening, and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies), electromyography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, plus additional procedures such as lumbar puncture and muscle biopsy as indicated. Little is known about aging and neurogenic dysphagia, specifically the relative contributions of natural age-related changes in the oropharynx and of diseases of the elderly, including periventricular MRI abnormalities, in producing dysphagia symptoms and videofluoroscopic abnormalities in this population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301918
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Swallowing therapy of neurologic patients: Correlation of outcome with pretreatment variables and therapeutic methods (1995)
    Springer
    Dysphagia 10 (1995), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0460
    Keywords: Dysphagia ; Swallowing therapy ; Swallowing rehabilitation ; Deglutition ; Deglutition disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The results of swallowing therapy in 58 patients with neurologic disorders are presented. All patients received tube feeding, either partially or exclusively, at admission, and successful outcomes, defined as exclusively oral feeding, were achieved in 67% of patients over a median treatment interval of 15 weeks. A subset of 11 patients who had experienced disease onset 25 weeks or more prior to admission nonetheless had a similar success rate of 64%. No other pretreatment variable, including age, localization of lesion, type or degree of aspiration, or cognitive status, correlated with successful outcome. Indirect therapy methods such as stimulation techniques and exercises to enhance the swallowing reflex, alter muscle tone, and improve voluntary function of the orofacial, lingual, and laryngeal musculature were utilized in all but 1 patient. Direct methods including compensatory strategies such as head and neck positioning, and techniques such as supraglottic swallowing and the Mendelsohn maneuver were additionally employed in nearly one-half of patients. Swallowing therapy is associated with successful outcome, as defined by exclusively oral feeding, among patients with neurogenic dysphagia, regardless of pretreatment variables including time since disease onset. Indirect treatment methods appear to be effective when used either alone or in combination with direct methods. Achievement of oral feeding is not associated with undue risk of pneumonia. Further rigorous scientific studies are needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261272
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cricopharyngeal myotomy may be effective treatment for selected patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia (1995)
    Springer
    Dysphagia 10 (1995), S. 255-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0460
    Keywords: Cricopharyngeal myotomy ; Deglutition ; Deglutition disorders ; Neurogenic dysphagia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of cricopharyngeal (CP) myotomy in the management of neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia remains controversial. A review of the literature regarding outcomes of CP myotomy for dysphagia in the setting of a variety of neurological disorders indicates a preponderance of favorable results. There are several potential explanations for reported improvement after CP myotomy for neurogenic dysphagia, including the possibility that it is an effective treatment, at least for selected patients. If this is true, appropriate selection criteria for this treatment of neurogenic dysphagia may include (1) intact voluntary initiation of swallowing, (2) adequate propulsive force generated by the tongue and pharyngeal constrictors, (3) videofluorographic demonstration of obstruction to bolus flow at the CP segment (rather than merely retention in the pharyngeal recesses), (4) manometric evidence of relatively elevated CP pressure in relation to the pharynx, and (5) relatively favorable neurological prognosis. The effectiveness and safety of CP myotomy for patients with neurogenic dysphagia are unlikely to be resolved without a prospective, controlled multicenter study enrolling patients who meet such criteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431418
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oropharyngeal dysphagia due to iatrogenic neurological dysfunction (1995)
    Springer
    Dysphagia 10 (1995), S. 248-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0460
    Keywords: Deglutition ; Deglutition disorders ; Iatrogenic disorders ; Neurogenic dysphagia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oropharyngeal dysphagia due to iatrogenic neurological dysfunction may relate to either medication side effects or surgical complications. There are several general mechanisms by which neurological side effects of medications can cause or aggravate oropharyngeal dysphagia. These include decreased level of arousal, direct suppression of brainstem swallowing regulation, movement disorders (dyskinesias, dystonias, and parkinsonism), neuromuscular junction blockade, myopathy, oropharyngeal sensory impairment, and disturbance of salivation. Postsurgical oropharyngeal dysphagia due to neurological dysfunction has been described in association with carotid endarterectomy, esophageal cancer surgery, anterior cervical fusion, and ventral rhizotomy for spasmodic torticollis. A potential explanation for oropharyngeal dysphagia following these surgical procedures is intraoperative mechanical disruption of the innervation of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles by the pharyngeal plexus. Posterior fossa and skull base surgery can lead to dysphagia as a result of intraoperative damage to brainstem centers and/or cranial nerves involved in swallowing. Perioperative stroke is the most likely explanation for oropharyngeal dysphagia appearing acutely following surgery, especially if the type of surgery predisposes to embolism or hypoperfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431417
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinically probable brainstem stroke presenting primarily as dysphagia and nonvisualized by MRI (1993)
    Springer
    Dysphagia 8 (1993), S. 235-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0460
    Keywords: Dysphagia ; Brainstem stroke/infarction ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Swallowing ; Deglutition ; Deglutition disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten patients with clinically probable brain-stem stroke presenting primarily as acute dysphagia but without visible brainstem abnormality by MRI are described. The patients were evaluated with neurologic examinations, cinepharyngoesophagography, and brain MRI studies. Each patient solely or predominately experienced sudden pharyngeal dysphagia, and additional symptoms or signs other than dysphonia or dysarthria were scarce. Small vessel disease or cardiac embolism were the apparent causes of what appear to have been very discrete brainstem strokes in these patients. Acute pharyngeal dysphagia can be the sole or primary manifestation of brainstem stroke. A negative MRI study should not preclude consideration of this diagnosis, if brainstem stroke is otherwise clinically probable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01354544
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blasenzellen im Bindegewebe des Schlundrings von Cepaea nemoralis L. (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 100-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Connective tissue ; Gastropoda ; Globular cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Blasenzellen stellen ein typisches Zellelement im Bindegewebe der Gastropoden dar. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Cepaea nemoralis haben gezeigt, daß der größte Teil einer Blasenzelle mit einer veränderlichen Glykogenmenge angefüllt ist. Diese zentrale Glykogenansammlung verdrängt das Zytoplasma mit seinen Organellen auf den peripheren Bereich der Zelle einschließlich der Zellausläufer und einen schmalen Saum um den Zellkern. Das wichtigste Identifizierungs-merkmal der Blasenzelle ist eine sehr spezialisierte — hier als Spaltenapparat bezeichnete — Oberflächendifferenzierung. Die Auswertung von Serienschnitten hat gezeigt, daß diese Oberflächenstruktur durch eine zum Teil verzweigte Invagination des extrazellulären Raumes gebildet wird, die wiederum von der Blasenzelle durch eine mäanderförmig unterbrochene Platte abgedeckt ist. Zwischen dem Spaltenapparat der Blasenzellen und dem Reusenapparat der Podozyten der Niere scheint eine Ähnlichkeit zu bestehen.
    Notes: Summary The globular cells are typical elements of the connective tissue of Gastropods. Light- and electronmicroscopic investigations of Cepaea nemoralis have shown, that these cells are filled with variable contents of glycogen, accumulated in the centre of the cell. This crowds the cytoplasm and the cell organelles into the peripheral area, including the cell processes and a narrow band surrounding the nucleus. The typical element of the globular cell is a special differentiation of the cell surface, the so-called “Spaltenapparat”. The three-dimensional organisation of the “Spaltenapparat” has been analysed by serial ultrathin sections. The reconstruction shows, that the “Spaltenapparat” consists of numerous branched invaginations of the extracellular space covered by very small, winding cell processes; there are tiny clefts between them. There appears to be some similarity between the “Spaltenapparat” of the globular cells and the pedicels of the podocytes of the renal glomerulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306891
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blasenzellen im Bindegewebe des Schlundrings von Cepaea nemoralis L. (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 262-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Connective tissue ; Gastropoda ; Globular cells ; Uptake of ferritin ; Endocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimentelle Untersuchungen am Schlundringbindegewebe von Cepaea nemoralis haben ergeben, daß — abgesehen von einigen Blutzellen—allein die Blasenzellen befähigt sind, injiziertes Ferritin aufzunehmen. Diese Substanz gelangt aus der Hämolymphe der Körperhöhle über das Gefäßsystem durch das Endothel der Kapillaren in die interzellulären Räume des Bindegewebes und von dort ausschließlich zu den Blasenzellen. Elektronenmikroskopisch zeigt sich, daß die Blasenzellen das Ferritin wahrscheinlich nur durch Endozytose im Bereich des Spaltenapparates aufnehmen. Das Ferritin wird nicht von der Zelle abgebaut, sondern auf engstem Raum, zum Teil in parakristalliner Anordnung, in Endosomen gespeichert. Die Fähigkeit der Blasenzellen, Fremdstoffe selektiv aufzunehmen, läßt vermuten, daß sie eine analoge Bedeutung für die Gastropoden haben wie die Pericardialzellen für Insekten oder das Retikuloendotheliale System für die Vertebraten.
    Notes: Summary Experimental investigations of the ganglionic connective tissue sheath of Cepaea nemoralis have shown, that — except for some blood cells — only the globular cells are capable for the uptake of injected Ferritin. This substance gets out of the hemolymph of the body cavity through the blood-vessels and capillaries, across the collagenous connective tissue into the cytoplasm of the globular cells. The globular cells take up the Ferritin by endocytosis, exclusively by the invagination of the „Spaltenapparat“. The Ferritin remaines accumulated in endosomes sometimes having a paracrystalline pattern. Because of their capability to incorporate and accumulate injected substances, the globular cells have been compared with the pericardial cells of insects respectively with the reticuloendothelial system of vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306962
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Amoebozyten und Blasenzellen von Cepaea nemoralis L. (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amoebocytes, globular cells ; Connective tissue ; Gastropoda ; Endocytosis ; Selective uptake of foreign particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Amoebozyten und Blasenzellen im Bindegewebe von Cepaea nemoralis zeigen deutliche Unterschiede in ihrer Endozytosefähigkeit. Grobe Partikeln wie Latexkugeln und Erythrozyten werden von den Amoebozyten endozytiert. Kleine Moleküle wie Ferritin und Hämoglobin werden hauptsächlich in den Blasenzellen akkumuliert, können aber auch von Amoebozyten aufgenommen werden. Dasselbe Endozytoseverhalten ist bei beiden Zellen zu beobachten, wenn Latex und Ferritin nacheinander in bestimmtem Zeitabstand angeboten werden. Die unterschiedliche Affinität der Amoebozyten und Blasenzellen zu den injizierten Fremdstoffen kann einmal durch ihre morphologische Oberflächendifferenzierung bedingt sein, zum anderen könnte ein funktionelles Zusammenwirken der Zellen im Sinne einer Arbeitsteilung vorliegen.
    Notes: Summary Amoebocytes and globular cells in the connective tissue of Cepaea nemoralis vary in the endocytotic incorporation of foreign materials of different size. Only the amoebocytes take up the latex beads and the red blood cells. However most of the injected ferritin and hemoglobin is ingested by the globular cells; a limited endocytotic capacity has been observed for these molecules by the amoebocytes. The results are the same, even though latex beads and ferritin are injected successively in definite intervals. Therefore the different affinity of amoebocytes and globular cells to foreign particles can not depend only on the morphological differentiation of their cell surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307435
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochemie von Aminoketonen. VII. Eine diastereoselektive Synthese von 3-Hydroxy-prolinen (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 327 (1985), S. 51-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photochemistry of Aminoketones. VIII. Diastereoselective Synthesis of 3-Hydroxy-prolinesGlycine esters react in two steps (aminoalkylation and N-acylation) to N-acyl-N-(β-benzoylethyl)-glycine ester 3. In less polar solvents these ketonic compounds are n,π*-excited by 300 nm irradiation. In ether 3* yield mixtures of aminocyclopropanoles 4, hydroxyprolines 5 and products of additions and cleavages. In benzene and cyclohexane/benzene, respectively, the regioselective photocyclization to 5 is favoured. Furthermore this hydroxyproline synthesis has the advantages of high diastereoselectivity yielding the (2,3) E-5 and of high overall-yields in connection with the one pot method. The influence of solvents and substituents on the regio- and diastereoselectivity are explained using a model with stabilization of special conformations of intermediates by dipol-dipol interactions.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19853270108
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural Aspects of Cyclopropyl Homoconjugation: Experimental Studies and Ab Initio Calculations (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 1429-1435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Cyclopropyl homoconjugation ; Molecular structures ; Electron density determinations ; Ab initio calculations ; Spiro compounds ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Low-temperature crystal structural studies of a series of saturated and unsaturated bicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene, heptene and heptane compounds with 7-spirocyclopropyl substitution reveal significant differences in the bond lengths of the three-membered rings and in the C—C single bonds of the bicyclic fragment. A complex interplay of strain and different types of conjugation influence the molecular structure of the bicycloheptadiene derivative 1, where the difference in the length of the three-membered ring bonds is 0.040 Å and all C—C single bonds in the bicyclic fragment are lengthened significantly. Ab initio calculations at the HF/6-31G(d) (to a minor extent) and MP2/6-31G(d) levels are in good agreement with the experimental data. Calculated charge distributions and dipole moments further support the relevance of cyclopropyl homoconjugation in the investigated prototype of Walsh and through-space π-orbital interaction. Static difference electron density maps have been derived from the experimental data by multipole refinements which showed exocyclic shifts of electron density in the planes of the three-membered rings and significant bond ellipticities at the C—C single bonds in the unsaturated bicyclic units.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.199719970721
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