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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; chemical fractionation ; synthetic P compounds ; minerals ; sediments ; eutrophic lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (P) reactivity and bioavailability in lake sediments may be determined by different forms of P and their distribution. Reactive and nonreactive P pools in two shallow subtropical lake sediments (Lake Apopka and Lake Okeechobee) were determined by sequential chemical extraction using 1 M NH4Cl (pH 7.0), 0.1 M NaOH, and 0.5 M HCl, reportedly representing loosely-bound P, Fe- and Al-bound P, and Ca- and Mg-bound P respectively. The sequential P fractionation was tested using pure P compounds and selected P minerals. The scheme effectively separated Fe- and Al-P from Ca-P fractions in an FePO4-AlPO4-Ca3(PO4)2 mixture. Readily available P, defined as the sum of water-soluble P and NH4Cl-extractable P, in the unconsolidated gyttja (UCG) layer (surface 0–30 cm) of Lake Apopka sediments accounted for 10.1 to 23.7% of total P (TP). This sediment P fraction constitutes a large reservoir which may act as a source of P to the overlying water. In subsurface marl layers (134–148 cm depth) of Lake Apopka, NH4Cl-P constituted 〈I% of TP whereas Ca-Mg-bound P and highly resistant P (residual P) accounted for 35 and 64% of TP respectively. Results suggest that 1 M NH4Cl (pH 7.0) and 0.5 M HCl, reported to dissolve carbonate-bound P and Ca-Mg-bound P, respectively, may not be extracting distinct pools of P. Lake Okeechobee mud sediments had low concentrations of readily available P (2% of TP) and were dominated by Ca-Mg-bound P (HCl-P≥58% of TP). Sediments in the littoral and peat areas of Lake Okeechobee, however, had high concentrations of readily available P (9.7 and 17.4% of TP respectively); hence, these sediments may play an important role in internal P cycling. The NaOH-P (Fe-Al-P) concentrations for Lake Okeechobee sediments were strongly correlated with amorphous and poorly-crystalline Fe (p〈 0.01), suggesting that some P reactions in these sediments may be sensitive to changes in physico-chemical conditions such as redox potential and sediment resuspension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 345 (1997), S. 45-57 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: P sorphon kinetics ; redox potential (Eh) ; lake sediments ; P fractions ; mineral P equilibria ; eutrophic lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biogeochemical reactions in shallow eutrophic lakes areaffected bythe changes in redox potential (Eh) as bottom sedimentsundergotemporal resuspension and settling. The stability of varioussediment P fractions and kinetics of P-uptake were evaluatedfortwo sub-tropical lakes (Lake Apopka and Lake Okeechobee,Florida)using sediment suspensions in closed systems maintained atvariousEh levels ranging from −235 to 555 mV. Redox potential hadminimal effect on the stability of NaOH-P (Fe-/Al-bound P plusmoderately resistant organic P) and HCl-P (Ca-/Mg-P) fractionsinLake Apopka sediments. Increases in ortho-P and NH4Cl-P(loosely-bound P plus labile organic P) concentrations wereobserved in highly reduced (Eh = −225 mV) Apopkasediments.Phosphate solubility diagrams and mineral equilibriacalculationssuggest that P-uptake by Apopka bottom sediments at elevated Pconcentrations (ortho-P ≤ 110 μM) was due toformationof Ca-P compounds and/or co-precipitation of P withCaCO3. Incontrast, the ortho-P concentrations for Lake Okeechobeebottomsediments increased exponentially with decreasing Eh. Thequantityof NaOH-P fractions for these sediments decreased withdecreasingEh, suggesting the release of Fe- and Mn-bound P intosolution.Phosphate-uptake by Okeechobee bottom sediments (pH 7.5,ambient)followed first order kinetics, yielding a rate constant (k)of 0.51 ± 0.05 h-1. Unlike that of Apopka, the mudsediments in Lake Okeechobee have strong affinity for P ineitheraerobic or anaerobic conditions. Results suggest that even incalcareous systems, Fe and Al, when present in highconcentrations(as in the case of Lake Okeechobee), are actively involved inregulating P-uptake and geochemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 209-220 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Crop residues ; Denitrification ; Flooded soil ; 15-N ; N-fertilizers ; N2-fixation ; Nitrification ; Rice ; Volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se revisaron varios aspectos del ciclo de nitrógeno estudiados con15N en un ecosistema de arroz de innundación en suelos franco limosos Crowley en Louisiana, USA, conel fin de construir un balance de masas para el nitrógeno. Las tranformaciones que se incluyeron en el modelo fueron: 1) amonificación neta (0,22 mg NH4−N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1), 2) nitrificación neta (2,07 mg NO3−N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1), 3) desnitrificación (0,37 mg N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1) y 4) fijación biológica de nitrógeno (0,16 mg N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1). Las entradas de nitrógeno al sistema serían aquellas por aplicación de fertilizantes, incorporación de residuos de cosecha, fijación biológica de nitrógeno, deposición. Las salidas serían por cosecha, perdidas gaseosas por volatilización de NH3 y la ocurrencia simultanea de nitrificación y desnitrificación, lixiviación y escorrentía. El balance de masas indicó que el 33% del nitrógeno inorgánico disponible fué recuperado por el arroz y el resto se perdió del sistema. Las pérdidas por volatilización de NH3 fueron minimas porque el fertilizante fué incorporado al suelo. Una proporción significativa del nitrógeno inorgánico se perdió por difusión de NH4 de la capa anaeróbica a la aeróbica en respuesta al gradiente de concentraciones; luego ocurre nitrificación en la capa aeróbica, difusión y finalmente desnitrificación y pérdida en forma gaseosa. Las perdidas por lixiviación y escorrentía fueron minimas.
    Notes: Abstract 15N studies of various aspects of the nitrogen cycle in a flooded rice ecosystem on Crowley silt loam soil in Louisiana were reviewed to construct a mass balance model of the nitrogen cycle for this system. Nitrogen transformations modeled included 1) net ammonification (0.22 mg NH4 +−N kg dry soil−1 day−1), 2) net nitrification (2.07 mg NO3 −−N kg−1 dry soil−1 day−1), 3) denitrification (0.37 mg N kg dry soil−1 day−1), and 4) biological N2 fixation (0.16 mg N kg dry soil−1 day−1). Nitrogen inputs included 1) application of fertilizers, 2) incorporation of crop residues, 3) biological N2 fixation, and 4) deposition. Nitrogen outputs included 1) crop removal, 2) gaseous losses from NH3 volatilization and simultaneous occurrence of nitrification-denitrification, and 3) leaching and runoff. Mass balance calculations indicated that 33% of the available inorganic nitrogen was recovered by rice, and the remaining nitrogen was lost from the system. Losses of N due to ammonia volatilization were minimal because fertilizer-N was incorporated into the soil. A significant portion of inorganic-N was lost by ammonium diffusion from the anaerobic layer to the aerobic layer in response to a concentration gradient and subsequent nitrification in the aerobic layer followed by nitrate diffusion into the anaerobic layer and denitrification into gaseous end products. Leaching and surface runoff losses were minimal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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