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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra- and interspecific avoidance of areas marked with skin extract from brook sticklebacks (Culaea inconstans) in a natural habitat (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1517-1524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alarm signaling ; antipredator behavior ; Schreckstoff ; brook stickleback ; Culaea inconstans ; finescale dace ; Chrosomus neogaeus ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The detection of a chemical alarm pheromone may allow receivers to avoid areas where a predator has captured the prey's conspecifics. We marked minnow traps with either brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) skin extract or a control of distilled water and tested whether sticklebacks avoided the skin extract marked traps in a natural habitat. Significantly more sticklebacks were captured in traps marked with control water, thereby demonstrating avoidance of conspecific skin extract. The stickleback captured in traps marked with conspecific extract were significantly smaller than those captured in traps marked with control water, implicating ontogenetic factors (i.e., experience or physiological development) in the development of the response. We also captured significantly fewer finescale dace (Chrosomus neogaeus) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in traps marked with skin extract. These data suggest that dace and minnows may benefit by avoiding areas where predators have recently captured sticklebacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059877
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of olfaction in chemosensory-based predator recognition in the fathead minnow,Pimephales promelas (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 623-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfaction ; chemoreception ; solitary chemosensory cells ; predator recognition ; alarm pheromone ; Schreckstoff ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; northern pike ; Esox lucius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Solitary fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were rendered anosmic and exposed to chemical stimuli from a predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) to determine the role of olfaction in the minnow's ability to recognize predators on the basis of chemical stimuli. Anosmic fish did not respond to the pike stimuli with a typical fright reaction, while control fish, with intact olfactory receptors, did. These results demonstrate that the olfactory system is necessary for the ability of fathead minnows to recognize northern pike as a predator and that the gustatory and single-celled chemosensory systems are not sufficient for this recognition in the absence of olfactory input. Olfactory impairment was behaviorally confirmed by exposing minnows to alarm substance (Schreckstoff).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984997
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactions of Gammarus lacustris to Chemical Stimuli from Natural Predators and Injured Conspecifics (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1163-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gammarus lacustris ; alarm pheromone ; kairomone ; predator avoidance ; antipredator behavior ; Esox lucius ; Aeshna eremita
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We exposed the freshwater amphipod Gammarus lacustris, to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics and to chemical stimuli from two types of natural predators: dragonfly larvae (Aeshna eremita) and northern pike (Esox lucius). Exposure to all three stimuli caused G. lacustris to reduce significantly its level of activity relative to activity recorded in response to a distilled water control. The similarity in responses to chemicals associated with predators and to injured conspecifics suggests the presence of an alarm pheromone within the body tissues of G. lacustris. In response to chemical stimuli from pike, G. lacustris tended to reduce its time in the water column and spend more time near the bottom of the test aquaria. However, no such trend was apparent in response to chemical stimuli from dragonfly larvae. The differences in response to chemical stimuli from pike and larval dragonflies suggest that G. lacustris does not have a rigid behavioral response to predation risk; instead, antipredator behavior may be modified to maximize avoidance of predators that are active in different microhabitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006393.92013.36
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk-sensitive habitat use by brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) in areas associated with minnow alarm pheromone (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2975-2983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Predation risk ; area avoidance ; brook stickleback ; Culaea inconstans ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; alarm pheromone ; Schreckstoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) share habitat and predators with cyprinid species, and they exploit the alarm pheromone of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to avoid areas of high predation risk. In this field experiment, we measured the retention and duration of area avoidance by brook stickleback from areas marked with alarm pheromone of fathead minnows. Area avoidance was greatest during the first 2 hr after the source of the alarm pheromone was removed (P〈0.05), but after 4 hr, area use was not significantly different from premarking levels. This study shows that brook stickleback: (1) use the alarm pheromone of fathead minnows to avoid high risk areas, (2) continue to avoid locations associated with predation risk after the source of the pheromone has gone, and (3) avoid risky areas temporarily, and resume use of risky areas after 2–4 hr. This behavioral response by stickleback to minnow alarm pheromone could serve to minimize risk of predation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098403
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learned Recognition of Predation Risk by Enallagma Damselfly Larvae (Odonata, Zygoptera) on the Basis of Chemical Cues (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 137-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Injury-released chemical alarm pheromone ; alarm signal ; antipredator behavior ; predator-prey ; learned predator recognition ; cross-species reactions ; prey guild ; damselfly ; Enallagma boreale ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; northern pike ; Esox lucius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We studied two populations of damselfly larvae (Enallagma boreale): one population cooccurred with a predatory fish (northern pike, Esox lucius); the other did not. Damselflies that cooccurred with pike adopted antipredator behavior (reduced activity) in response to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics, and to chemical stimuli from pike, relative to a distilled water control. Damselflies from an area where pike do not occur responded only to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics. In a second set of experiments, we conditioned pike-naive damselflies to recognize and respond to chemical stimuli from pike with antipredator behavior. Damselfly larvae that were previously unresponsive to pike stimuli learned to recognize pike stimuli after a single exposure to stimuli from pike and injured damselflies or pike and injured fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The response to injured fathead minnows was not a general response to injured fish because damselfly larvae did not respond to chemical stimuli from injured swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri), an allopatric fish. Taken together, these data suggest a flexible learning program that allows damselfly larvae to rapidly acquire the ability to recognize local predation risk based on chemical stimuli from predators, conspecifics, and heterospecific members of their prey guild.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006350.66424.3d
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of diet on localized defecation by Northern Pike,Esox lucius (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 467-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; northern pike ; Esox lucius ; localized defecation ; predator labelling ; alarm substance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) are able to detect conspecific alarm pheromone in the feces of northern pike (Esox lucius) and have been shown to avoid areas labeled with the feces of pike that were fed minnows. The minnows did not avoid areas labeled with the feces of pike that were fed swordtails (Xiphophorous helleri), which lack ostariophysan alarm pheromone. In laboratory experiments, pike fed a diet of minnows localized their defecation away from their foraging area. It has been suggested that in doing so, pike may remove chemical cues that label their foraging area as dangerous to prey species. As yet there has been no conclusive evidence to support this hypothesis. In this experiment, we test the effects of different predator diets on localized defecation by pike. Pike were fed minnows, swordtails, or mice (Mus musculus). Swordtails and mice lack ostariophysan alarm pheromones. Area use and location of feces were recorded. Pike fed minnows spent significantly more time in the home area (i.e., area of the test tank where they were fed) and defecated significantly more often in the opposite end of the tank. Pike fed swordtails also exhibited a significant preference for the home area in area use, while those fed mice showed no such preference. When fed either swordtails or mice, there was no significant difference between the proportion of time spent and proportion of feces in each area of the test tank. These data suggest that pike localize their defecation only when consuming prey items containing alarm pheromone. The current findings support the hypothesis that pike localize their defecation to remove chemical cues from the foraging area of the home range in order to avoid chemically labeling their foraging area as dangerous to prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033649
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