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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 213 (1973), S. 399-417 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Placenta ; Basal plate ; Chemodifferentation ; Decidua ; Connective tissue cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe enzymhistochemischer Untersuchungen an Semidünnschnitten wird die Entwicklung der endometrialen Stromazelle schrittweise verfolgt. Unter starker Dickenzunahme und Längenwachstum geht sie über mehrere Zwisehenformen (große Reticulumzelle, Prädeciduazelle — diese zeichnet sich durch eine sehr starke Aktivität der 17β-OH-Steroiddehydrogenase aus —) in Deciduazellen über. Aus jedem Entwicklungsstadium der Deciduazellen kann es zur Degeneration und zur fibrinoiden Umwandlung kommen. Von den mütterlichen Reticulumzellen unterscheiden sich die fetalen Bindegewebszellen durch die hohe Aktivität der Leucinaminopeptidase. Herkunft und Funktion der enzymatisch sehr aktiven vacuolisierten Bindegewebszellformen sind noch unklar. Es bestehen Hinweise für eine Verwandtschaft mit den Hofbauerzellen des Zottenstromas.
    Notes: Summary Cytodifferentiation of the endometrial stromacell is studied by means of enzyme histochemical investigation of epon embedded material. Becoming thicker and longer they form large reticulum cells and later predecidua cells, which are characterized by high activity of 17β-OH-steroiddehydrogenase. Finally they are transformed to decidua cells. A finer classification of decidua cells is possible according to their enzymatic pattern. From each stage of development degeneration and fibrinoid transformation can occur. In contrast to fetal connective tissue cells maternal reticulum cells show high activity of leucinaminopeptidase. Origin and function of vacuolized connective tissue cells — probably a specialized typ of stromacell — with high enzyme activity are still unknown. There is some evidence for a relationship to Hofbauer cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Basal Plate ; Cytotrophoblast ; Decidua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Basalplatte der reifen menschlichen Placenta besteht aus folgenden Schichten: Bedeckender Syncytiotrophoblast, oberflächlicher Bindegewebsstreifen, X-Zellage, Nitabuchscher Fibrinoidstreifen, Decidua. Aus den oberen drei Lagen entsteht bei Degeneration das Rohrsche Fibrinoid. Bei fehlendem oder unvollständigem Nitabuchschen Fibrinoidstreifen kann es zu einer weitgehenden Aufhebung dieses Schichtbaues, vor allem zu einer Durchmischung der X-Zellen mit den Deciduazellen kommen. Die einzelnen Zellformen werden beschrieben und nach ihrer Struktur gegliedert. Dabei ergeben sich Übergangsformen zwischen “hellen Zellen” und X-Zellen. Sie werden deswegen als unterschiedliche Differenzierungsstadien der gleichen Zellart angesehen. Strukturelle Gründe sprechen dafür, daß es sich um Trophoblastzellen handelt. Auch die Bindegewebszellen und die Deciduazellen werden nach den Formen gegliedert. Ausreichende Anhaltspunkte für die Funktion der Zellen liegen nicht vor.
    Notes: Summary The basal plate of the mature human placenta is composed of following layers: covering syncytiotrophoblast, superficial connective tissue layer, x-cell layer, fibrinoid layer of Nitabuch, decidua. The fibrinoid of Rohr originates from the degeneration of the upper three layers. If the fibrinoid layer of Nitabuch is lacking or incomplete, an almost complete abolition of this layer structure may result, especially an intermingling of the x-cells with to their structure. Intermediary types between “clear cells” and x-cells are found. Consequently, they are taken as different levels of differentiation of the same cell type. Structural reasons advocate their trophoblastic origin. The connective tissue cells and the decidual cells, too, are classified according to their structure. Sufficient criteria for the function of these cells are not yet existent.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 185-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Basal Plate ; Cytotrophoblast ; Decidua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Basalplatte der reifen menschlichen Placenta laufen Zellreifung und Zelluntergang nebeneinander ab. Man findet bei verschiedenen Zellarten alle Zwischenstadien von undifferenzierten Stammzellen bis zu degenerierenden Formen. Die enzymhistochemische Untersuchung dieses Gewebes ermöglicht innerhalb des Cytotrophoblasten die Darstellung von drei Entwicklungsreihen: Der primär basale Cytotrophoblast stammt von Zellen ab, die schon während der frühen Schwangerschaft in die Basalplatte eingewandert sind. Diese Zellen differenzieren sich überwiegend zu homogenen X-Zellen (a). Es gibt Hinweise dafür, daß sie endokrin aktiv sind. In Regionen intensiver Durchmischung mit der Decidua entwickeln sich stark vakuolisierte X-Zellen (b). Sie zeichnen sich durch den Gehalt an saurer Phosphatase aus. Es kann sich um eine immunologisch aktive Zellform handeln. Der sekundär basale Cytotrophoblast (c) dringt während der späteren Schwangerschaft aus eingemauerten Zellsäulen und Zotten in die Basalplatte ein. Von den anderen X-Zellen unterscheidet er sich durch die vorübergehende Aktivität von alkalischer Phosphatase. Hinweise auf seine Funktion liegen nicht vor. Nach Verlust der aP gleicht er sich den anderen X-Zellen an. Alle drei Entwicklungsreihen gehen über gleichartige Zwischenstufen zugrund. Bindegewebs- und Deciduazellen unterscheiden sich histochemisch von den Trophoblastzellen vor allem durch eine schwächere Aktivität der Glucose-6-Phosphat-Dehydrogenase. Auch diese beiden Zellgruppen reagieren in sich uneinheitlich. Eine Gliederung nach Reifungsstadium und Differenzierungsweg ist bislang aber nicht möglich.
    Notes: Summary Cell maturation and cell degeneration take place at the same time in the basal plate of the mature human placenta. For the different cell types all intermediary stages from undifferentiated stem cells up to degenerating types are found. The enzyme-histochemical investigation of this tissue makes it possible to demonstrate three series of development within the cytotrophoblast: The primarily basal cytotrophoblast originates from cells which have invaded the basal plate already during early pregnancy. These cells mainly differentiate into homogeneous x-cells (a). It is suggested that they have endocrine function. In regions of intensive intermingling with decidual cells vacuolized x-cells appear (b). They are characterized by their content of acid phosphatase. This cell type may have immunological activity. The secondarily basal cytotrophoblast (c) penetrates into the basal plate during later pregnancy out of cell columns and attached villi. It differs from the other x-cells by the transitory activity of alkaline phosphatase. Its function is not clear as yet. After the loss of its alkaline phosphatase it develops into normal x-cells. All three series of development degenerate via identical intermediary stages. Connective tissue cells and decidual cells differ from the trophoblastic cells most characteristically by less activity of the glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase. Both cell groups however do not show uniform enzymatic reactions. A classification corresponding to stages of maturation and course of differentiation has not been successful up to date.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 105-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Villous stroma ; Fixed stromal cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In human placental villi the connective tissue is constructed by mesenchymal cells, small and large reticulum cells and fibroblasts. During early pregnancy mesenchymal cells dominate; starting with the third month of gestation the reticulum cells are in the majority within the terminal villi, the fibroblasts within the stem villi. Ultrastructurally intermediary types of cells can be differentiated. Together with reticular and collagenous fibres the reticulum cells form the basic architecture of the villous stroma during the first 2/3 of gestation: the “reticular type of stroma”. This consists of a network of cells and fibres with fetal vessels fitted in between. The remaining interspaces form a fluid system of compartments in which Hofbauer cells are suspended. They are called stromal channels. During the last trimester these channels and the Hofbauer cells as well are progressively replaced either by voluminous masses of fibres (“fibrous type of stroma”, mainly in the stem villi) or by sinusoidal enlargements of fetal capillaries (“sinusoidal type of stroma”, mainly in the terminal villi).
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 266-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human Placenta ; Polypoid Protrusions ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Endothelium ; Stromal cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Reife menschliche Plazenten weisen an der Ober- und Unterseite des Syncytiotrophoblasten, an der freien Oberfläche des Kapillarendothels und an den Stromazellen 0,5–15 μ große polypartige Cytoplasmavorwölbungen auf. Diese sind in den basalen und marginalen Plazentazonen gehäuft anzutreffen und liegen bevorzugt in der Nähe von Fibrinoidablagerungen. — Zunächst bilden sich an den Stellen der späteren Polypen breitbasige Vorbuchtungen. Bei weiterem Wachstum werden die Gebilde gestielt, ihr Plasma wird heller und ihr Gehalt an Zellorganellen nimmt ab. Nach Erreichen einer bestimmten Größe werden die Polypen in die Blutbahn oder in das Stroma abgegeben. — Histochemische Enzym-und Lipoidnachweise fallen stets, KH-Nachweise meist negativ aus. Die Ninhydrin-Schiff-Reaktion ist schwach positiv.— Unter Berücksichtigung der Hinweise anderer Autoren ergibt sich, daß derartige polypöse Bildungen bevorzugt in embryonalen Geweben und in Geweben mit hoher funktioneller Belastung bei gleichzeitig mangelhafter Energieversorgung auftreten.
    Notes: Summary In mature human placentas the free as well as the basal surface of the syncytium, the free surface of the endothelium of capillaries and stromal cells show polypoid cytoplasmic protrusions of 0,5–15 μ in diameter. They are found mainly in the basal and marginal zone of the placenta, lying closely related to fibrinoid deposits. The polypoid protrusions develop from broad evaginations. These evaginations enlarge, their base is transformed into a stalk, their cytoplasm becomes lighter, and the cell organelles decrease in number. After reaching a certain size, the protrusions are set free into the bloodstream or into the core of the villi. Histochemical reactions for enzymes and lipids are always, those for carbohydrates mostly negative. The Ninhydrin-Schiff-reaction gives a weak staining. — With respect to the significance of the protrusions it is interesting to note that they are found mainly in embryonic tissues and in highly active tissues which have an inadequate energy supply at the same time.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 647-655 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Classification of chorionic villi ; Fixed stromal cells ; Macrophages ; Placenta (human) ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in fixed stromal cells and Hofbauer cells were studied throughout pregnancy in different types of placental chorionic villi by scanning electron microscopy. In the mesenchymal villus the fixed stromal cells were characterized by thin cytoplasmic processes. Hofbauer cells exhibited blebs on their surface. Large sail-like processes with a crescent profile which surrounded well developed stromal channels and a small cell body typified the small reticulum cells of the immature intermediate villus. The Hofbauer cells here displayed blebs, microplicae and large lamellipodia. Short cytoplasmic expansions and a large cell body characterized the fibroblasts present inside the stem villus. Hofbauer cells were rare, having blebs or a few short lamellipodia. The mature intermediate villus contained small and large reticulum cells. The latter had a much larger cell body than the small ones and displayed a few short cytoplasmic processes partly delimiting narrow incomplete stromal channels. Occasional Hofbauer cells with small microplicae and/or blebs were present. The small reticulum cells and fibroblasts present in the terminal villus showed similar morphological features as above. However, the former exhibited less developed cytoplasmic extensions and therefore no stromal channels were observed. In the terminal villus, the morphology of the rare Hofbauer cells was similar to that found in the mature intermediate villus.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 242-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human Placenta ; Placenta villi ; Langhans cells ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Syncytial Bridges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zottentrophoblast der reifen menschlichen Plazenta ist uneinheitlich gebaut. Es kommen verschiedenartige Langhanszellen und größere Unterschiede in der Ultrastruktur des Syncytiotrophoblasten vor. Hieraus resultiert eine mosaikartige Bauweise der Oberfläche der Einzelzotte. Insgesamt besitzt die Plazenta eine regionale und zonale Gliederung. — Im einzelnen fallen unter den Langhanszellen 4 Typen auf: eine undifferenzierte „Stammzelle“, eine ausdiffernzierte Übergangsform zum Syncytium, eine Degenerationsform sowie eine granulierte Form unklarer Bedeutung. — Die Hauptmasse des Trophoblasten nimmt jedoch das Syncytium mit überwiegend rauhem endoplasmatischen Reticulum (e.R.) ein. Nach Besatz mit Mikrovilli und Weite des e.R. lassen sich 4 Untergruppen unterscheiden: 1. Syncytium mit dichtem Mikrovillusbesatz und engen Zisternen, 2. Syncytium mit dichtem Mikrovillusbesatz und stark dilatierten Zisternen, 3. Syncytium ohne oder mit wenigen kurzen Mikrovilli und stark dilatierten Zisternen, 4. Syncytium ohne oder mit wenigen kurzen Mikrovilli und engen Zisternen, die als Stadien eines Resorptions-Digestions-Zyklus aufgefaßt werden. Gruppen benachbarter Zotten zeigen stets das gleiche Funktionsstadium. — Im Syncytium fallen ferner extrem dünne Abschnitte über Kapillaren und Langhanszellen auf, die dem passiven Stoffaustausch dienen dürften. Diese Abschnitte wechseln auf der Zottenoberfläche mit den e.R.-haltigen ab. — Besonders kernreiche Stellen des Syncytiotrophoblasten werden je nach äußerer Gestalt in Syncytialknoten, Proliferationsknoten und Syncytialbrücken unterteilt. Sie stellen unterschiedliche Stadien einer Brückenbildung zwischen benachbarten Zotten dar. Ihre weiteren Funktionen sind unklar. Abschnitte mit typischem engem, glatten e.R. kommen als Orte der Steroidsynthese in Frage. Organellenarme Syncytiumzonen und solche mit regressiven Veränderungen (maximal dilatiertes glattes e.R., homogenes Plasma) treten ebenfalls in geringer Menge auf. — Grundsätzlich scheinen alle Abschnitte, die dem aktiven Stoffaustausch und dem Umbau dienen, subchorial häufiger vorzukommen; alle sezernierenden und regressiven Formen liegen dagegen vermehrt basal und marginal.
    Notes: Summary The villar trophoblast of full term human placentas is not uniformely made up. Different types of Langhans cells and major differences in the ultrastructure of the syncytial trophoblast are observed. Thus, the surface of the villi shows a mosaic structure. In the placenta as a whole, different regions and zones may be distinguished. Four types of Langhans cells are discerned: 1. undifferentiated „stem cells“, 2. differentiated transitional cells changing into syncytium, 3. degenerating cells, and 4. granulated cells of unknown significance. — The largest part of the trophoblast is made up by syncytium characterized by well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (e.r.). With regard to the microvillar covering and the width of the cisternae e.r. 4 types of syncytium can be distinguished: 1. Syncytium with many microvilli and narrow cisternae, 2. syncytium with many microvilli and wide cisternae, 3. syncytium without or with few short microvilli and wide cisternae, 4. syncytium without or with few short microvilli and narrow cisternae. These different types are interpreted as morphological signs of an absorption-digestion cycle. Groups of neighbouring villi are always in the same state of function. — Furthermore, extremely thin parts of the syncytium covering capillaries and Langhans cells are conspicuous, which, it is suggested, could serve the passive interchange of substances. Regions with thin syncytium alternate with e.r.-containing syncytium. — Parts of the syncytial trophoblast characterized by the presence of many nuclei are subdivided, according to their shape, into syncytial knots, proliferation knots, and syncytial bridges. They represent different stages in the formation of junctions between neighbouring villi. Their further functions are unclear. Regions with narrow, smooth e.r. are interpreted as sites of steroid synthesis. Furthermore, syncytial zones with few organelles and zones with degenerative changes (maximally dilated smooth e.r., homogeneous cytoplasm) were seen in small number. — Altogether it appears that regions showing signs of an active interchange of substances and of reconstruction lie preferably subchorially while those involved in secretory and regressive processes lie mainly basally and marginally.
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