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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum IL-4, IL-10 and IL-6 levels in inflammatory arthritis (1995)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 14 (1995), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: IL-4 ; IL-6 ; IL-10 ; Inflammatory arthritis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract As the available in vitro and in vivo data suggest that interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 have immunosuppressive activity, our hypothesis was that serum IL-4 and IL-10 levels would correlate inversely with parameters of inflammation in patients with inflammatory arthritis. IL-4 was detected in the serum of 12 out of 140 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which was increased compared to the proportion found with patients with osteoarthritis (OA; P〈 0.02). In addition, IL-4 was detected in the serum of 2 of 19 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 2 of 24 patients with psoriatic arthritis and 1 of 5 patients with Behçet's syndrome. No IL-4 was detected in patients with the following conditions: OA (58 patients), gout (17 patients), ankylosing spondylitis (6 patients), Reiter's syndrome (6 patients), polymyalgia rheumatica (6 patients), temporal arteritis (5 patients) and scleroderma (3 patients). No IL-10 was detected in any of the sera tested. We discuss the possible relevance of these results to the regulation of the immune response evident in inflammatory arthritis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262298
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β levels in human synovial tissue by interleukin-4 and glucocorticoid (1992)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 12 (1992), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Arthritis ; Synovial tissue ; TNFα ; IL-1 ; IL-4 ; Glucocorticoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of recombinant human interleukin-4 (IL-4) and the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, on tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in cultures of rheumatoid and osteoarthritic synovial tissue were studied. Low concentrations of IL-4 and dexamethasone suppressed the levels of both cytokines in the supernatants of both types of tissue after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS); the IL-1β and TNFα levels were measured by ELISA. It is suggested that it is the monocyte/macrophage in the synovial tissues that is responsive to the inhibitors. It is proposed that glucocorticoids may act on synovial tissue in this manner in vivo and IL-4 may do so if administered intraarticularly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301004
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone activity in a single component of tergal gland extract ofLutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Jacobina, Northeastern Brazil (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; tergal gland ; Lutzomyia longipalpis ; Diptera ; Psychodidae ; gas chromatography ; high-pressure liquid chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone component of maleLutzomyia longipalpis tergal gland extract was isolated and its activity confirmed by bioassay. Whole tergal gland extract was analyzed by HPLC and fractions were collected as they eluted from the detector. Each fraction was tested in an attraction bioassay with virgin unfed femaleLutzomyia longipalpis. HPLC analysis showed that whole extract contained several peaks; one large peak, one small peak and several minor peaks. Purity of the HPLC fractions was determined by GC analysis. The bioassays revealed that the large peak was responsible for most of the observed female behavior. The addition of the small peak to the large peak improved the response although by itself the small peak failed to elicit any significant behavior. Minor peaks failed to elicit any response. Chemical analysis revealed the large peak to be a relatively nonpolar hydrocarbon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065997
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multichemical defense of plant bugHotea gambiae (Westwood) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae): (E)-2-hexenol from abdominal gland in adults (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1399-1409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scent gland ; defensive secretion ; Hotea gambiae ; Heteroptera ; Scutelleridae ; (E)-2-hexenol ; hex-2-enal ; oct-2-enal ; 4-oxohex-2-enal ; β-pinene ; limonene ; sex dimorphism ; feeding ; repellent ; pheromone ; ovicide ; Calliphora ; Diptera ; Calliphoridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence inHotea gambia adults of a sexual dimorphism in the divided dorsal abdominal scent gland (dg 1)is reported. Counts made of ducted secretory units indicate that female dg 1 regresses at the end of larval development, unlike male dg 1 which undergoes no regression. Other dorsal abdominal scent glands (dg 2, dg 3) which function in the larvae cease to function during the imaginai moult. From gas chromatographic, mass spectrometric and [1H]NMR data, the identity of the secretion from male adult dg 1 was established as virtually pure (E)-2-hexenol (a 100-mg mature male adult contains 0.5–1 μl of secretion). 2-Hexenol was also found in the reduced female adult dg 1. In the sexually monomorphic metathoracic scent gland, (E)-2-alkenals (C6, C8) and (E)-4-oxohex-2-enal, together with monoterpenes (β-pinene, limonene) but not 2-hexenol, were identified. The vapor of (E)-2-hexenol is repellent to both sexes ofHotea adults and toxic to blowfly (Calliphora) eggs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012140
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multichemical defense of plant bugHotea gambiae (westwood) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 343-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scent gland ; defensive secretion ; Hotea gambiae (H. subfasciata) ; Heteroptera ; Scutelleridae ; Malvaceae ; monoterpenoids ; α-pinene ; β-pinene ; limonene ; β-phellandrene ; sesquiterpenoids ; caryophyllene ; caryophyllene oxide ; humulene ; humulene epoxide ; allomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical defense in larvae of the plant bugHotea gambiae has been investigated. Results of analyses (GC, GC-MS) on the secretions from the three dorsally situated larval abdominal defense (scent) glands are reported. The secretion from the first abdominal gland consists of a mixture of C10 and C15 isoprenoids: (C10) α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, β-phellandrene; (C15) β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-humulene, and (the major component) humulene epoxide II. The secretions from the second and third abdominal glands are similar mixtures consisting of (E)-2-decenal, (E)-4-oxohex-2-enal, andn-tridecane together with lesser amounts of (E)-2-hexenal,n-dodecane, and other materials. Isoprenoid defense is now known from four species of plant bugs (Heteroptera) associated with Malvaceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01411421
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