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  • Distance estimation  (1)
  • Human papillomavirus type 16  (1)
  • Masking  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HLA-A2-restricted peripheral blood cytolytic T lymphocyte response to HPV type 16 proteins E6 and E7 from patients with neoplastic cervical lesions (1996)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 42 (1996), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words Cytolytic T cell ; Human papillomavirus type 16 ; HLA-A2 ; Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ; CaSki cell line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The DNA from human papillomavirus (HPV) can be detected in 90% of cervical carcinomas. To address whether patients infected with HPV can mount efficient T cell responses to this pathogen we examined the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with abnormal genital epithelial cells. PBMC from 11 HLA-A2+ patients were stimulated with CaSki, a cervical carcinoma cell line that is HPV 16+ and HLA-A2+. The CTL were screened for reactivity to the cervical carcinoma cell line C33A (HPV – , HLA-A2+) transfected with the HPV 16 E6 or E7 genes or the plasmid without insert. The CTL of 1 patient showed particularly strong CaSki and HPV E6 or E7 protein-specific cytotoxicity in a HLA-A2-restricted fashion. In contrast, these CTL lysed neither a vector-only transfectant, the natural killer cell (NK) target, K562 nor the lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) target, Daudi. HLA-A2 restriction was demonstrated by the lack of recognition of a HLA-A2 –  CaSki cell line developed in our laboratory. The CTL line was cloned and 99 clones were harvested and screened; 51 clones lysed CaSki, of which 17 did not lyse the A2 –  CaSki. Of these HLA-A2 –  restricted clones, 8 did not lyse C33A transfectants, 6 lysed all C33A transfectants, 3 lysed C33A-E7 only and none lysed C33A-E6 only. These data imply that, within the bulk CTL line, HLA-A2-restricted recognition of antigens was restricted to CaSki antigens, antigens common to cervical carcinoma (CaSki plus C33A), or HPV-16-E7-derived antigen on the clonal level. The E7-restricted clones were negative for recognition of known HLA-A2-binding peptides from E7.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002620050265
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Barn owls (Tyto alba) use accommodation as a distance cue (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 169 (1991), S. 515-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Vision ; Distance estimation ; Photorefraction ; Focus ; Pecking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the role of ocular accommodation in the distance estimation during pecking in the barn owl (Tyto alba). Owls were trained to peck at pieces of food presented on a small platform (Fig. 2) while one eye was occluded to eliminate binocular distance cues (Fig. 1). The other eye was defocussed by spectacle lenses ( −4, −2, +2 diopters) or had normal vision. Pecking behavior was analyzed by video taping the owl from the side and drawing the owls' head position off-line frame-by-frame. Additionally, during some trials the owls' accommodation behavior was recorded continuously by infrared photoretinoscopy with a second camera. This camera was aligned with the line of sight of the owl so that the refractive state could be measured just prior to pecking. We made the following observations: 1. The lenses resulted in errors in distance estimation which were highly predictable from the power and sign of the lenses (Fig. 3). 2. The lenses also changed the position of the owls' head during the period of fixation (Fig. 4). This finding together with the observation that the owls closed their eyelids during pecking suggested that ‘pecking length’ is a pre-programmed parameter in the owls' pecking behavior (Figs. 5, 6). 3. The photorefractions showed that the owls' accommodative effort during fixation was highly correlated with the power of the lenses. During fixation, negative lenses caused the owl to accommodate more than positive lenses (Fig. 8). 4. The results demonstrate that the accommodative effort necessary to fixate the target is one of the parameters by which the owls can estimate distance (Fig. 9), at least under monocular viewing conditions. 5. The total range of accommodation in the barn owls measured in our experiments did not exceed 6 diopters. This may be one of the reasons why the owls did not get their targets into best optical focus during pecking. The results are discussed with respect to the depth of field in owls and accommodation behavior in other birds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193542
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the ability of neurons in the barn owl's inferior colliculus to sense brief appearances of interaural time difference (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (1992), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Time constant ; Sound localization ; Masking ; ITD ; Midbrain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper investigates the ability of neurons in the barn owl's (Tyto alba) inferior colliculus to sense brief appearances of interaural time difference (ITD), the main cue for azimuthal sound localization in this species. In the experiments, ITD-tuning was measured during presentation of a mask-probe-mask sequence. The probe consisted of a noise having a constant ITD, while the mask consisted of binaurally uncorrelated noise. Collicular neurons discriminated between the probe and masking noise by showing rapid changes from untuned to tuned and back to untuned responses. The curve describing the relation between probe duration and the degree of ITD-tuning resembled a leaky-integration process with a time constant of about 2 ms. Many neurons were ITD-tuned when probe duration was below 1 ms. These extremely short effective probe durations are interpreted as evidence for neuronal convergence within the pathway computing ITD. The minimal probe duration necessary for ITD-tuning was independent of the bandwidth of the neurons' frequency tuning and also of the best frequency of a neuron. Many narrowly tuned neurons having different best frequencies converge to form a broad-band neuron. To yield the short effective probe durations the convergence must occur in strong temporal synchronism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190396
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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