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  • Mathematically Complete Language  (6)
  • Molecular Cell Biology  (5)
  • Dopamine  (4)
  • Fentanyl  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes of sensitivity to the cuing properties of narcotic drugs as evidenced by generalization and cross-generalization experiments (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 58 (1978), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; Morphine ; Narcotic cue ; Sensitivity ; Oscillation ; Drug discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract With a discrete-trial, food-reward, two-lever procedure, rats were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. Individual threshold doses for seneralization of fentanyl and for cross-generalization of morphine were determined repeatedly during a 17-week posttraining period. Threshold doses of both drugs almost continuously shifted in both the up- and downward direction. Shifts of fentanyl threshold doses covaried with those of morphine threshold doses. These shifts can best be described by a sustained oscillation, the mean amplitude of which amounts to a factor 3.65 of the dose-range for fentanyl, and to a factor 1.85 for morphine. The upper and lower limits of oscillation were symmetrical with respect to baseline. The oscillation can be described by a function expressing that the more distant a point along the function is from the baseline, the more it is susceptible to (positive/negative) acceleration along the intensity (i.e., dose) axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427388
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional antagonism between dopamine and noradrenaline within the caudate nucleus of cats: A phenomenon of rhythmically changing susceptibility (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 59 (1978), S. 231-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Noradrenaline ; Caudate nucleus ; Cats ; Annual rhythm ; Behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two aspects of the functional interaction between the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NE) were studied: the role of NE within brain structures marked by DA terminals and the occurrence of annual changes in their functional interaction. The behavioral changes produced by single or combined administration of DA, (3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline (DPI), ergometrine, ET-495, NE, oxymetazoline, and phentolamine into the caudate nucleus of freely moving cats were analyzed. NE and oxymetazoline produced effects that differed from those elicited by DA or DPI. NE-dependent effects were antagonized by phentolamine, and DA- or DPI-induced effects were antagonized by ergometrine. Ergometrine, NE, and oxymetazoline were effective in November, December, and January, lost their effectiveness in March, April, and May, regained it in July, and lost it again in August, September, and October. The annual pattern of DA, DPI, and phentolamine on the other hand, was just the opposite. DA agonists suppressed NE- or oxymetazoline-induced effects, while the DA antagonist suppressed phentolamine-induced effects. Noradrenergic agents were unable to modulate the DA-dependent effects under certain circumstances. It is concluded that (1) NE-dependent processes within the feline caudate nucleus inhibit DA-dependent processes within this structure, and (2) there exists a reciprocal relationship between the annual changes in the feline's susceptibility to DA, DPI, and phentolamine, on the one hand, and to ergometrine, NE, and oxymetazoline, on the other hand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426627
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Narcotic cuing and analgesic activity of narcotic analgesics: Associative and dissociative characteristics (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 57 (1978), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; Narcotic cue ; Analgesia ; Drug discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By using a discrete-trial, two-lever, food-reinforced discrimination learning paradigm, rats were trained to discriminate the narcotic analgesic fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg) from saline. Stimulus generalization experiments with lower fentanyl doses (0.0025 to 0.02 mg/kg) were carried out to generate individual threshold doses. The latter were compared with the sensitivity of the same rats to the analgesic effect of fentanyl, and it was found that there is no correlation between these two sets of data. In a time-effect experiment, the duration of fentanyl's cuing effect was compared with that of its analgesic effect, and it was found that the time-effect characteristics of the narcotic cue are similar to those of analgesia. Again, however, there was no correlation between the duration of both effects within the same group of animals. The results further deliniate the associative and dissociative characteristics of the narcotic cue and narcotic analgesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426952
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agonist and antagonist effects of prototype opiate drugs in fentanyl dose-dose discrimination (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 222-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Dose-dose discrimination ; Opiates ; Fentanyl ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The experiments characterized the effects of fentanyl, morphine, naloxone, cyclazocine, nalorphine, ketocyclazocine and N-allylnormetazocine in rats that were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg from 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl (dose-dose discrimination). The data are compared to results obtained previously in rats discriminating 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline (drug-saline discrimination). In the dose-dose discrimination fentanyl and morphine produced responding appropriate to 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl at doses which were 3.0- and 1.6-fold higher, respectively, than in drug-saline discrimination. Naloxone antagonized the stimulus effects of 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl at 9.8-fold lower doses than in drug-saline discrimination. The dose-effect curves of fentanyl and naloxone in rats discriminating 0.04 mg/kg from 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl, were steeper than in rats discriminating 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. While cyclazocine, nalorphine and N-allylnormetazocine acted as mixed and partial agonists/antagonists in drug-saline discrimination, those compounds acted as pure and complete antagonists of 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl in dose-dose discrimination. The rank order of compounds in antagonizing the stimulus effects of 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl in dose-dose discrimination was naloxone 〉 N-allylnormetazocine 〉 cyclazocine 〉 nalorphine. It is suggested that a greater magnitude of opiate activity is required for producing generalization with the same 0.04 mg/kg dose of fentanyl in dose-dose as compared with drug-saline discrimination. Dose-dose discrimination may afford a more accurate method than drug-saline discrimination for assessing the equivalence of the discriminative stimulus properties of drugs. The data obtained in the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that the discriminative stimulus effects of the opiate compounds studied are mediated by a molecular mechanism involving only a single opiate receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181246
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of serotonin antagonism in schizophrenia: A pilot study with setoperone (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 329-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chronic schizophrenic ; Type ; Serotonin ; Dopamine ; Setoperone ; Autism ; Mood ; Parkinson ; Extrapyramidal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The new antipsychotic drug setoperone is pharmacologically characterized by its potent serotonin and moderate dopamine receptor blocking properties. Forty chronic schizophrenic patients were included and 34 completed this pilot study. Following a drug free period of 1 week the patients received setoperone 5 mg t.i.d. After 1 month of treatment, the psychotic symptoms, as measured by the BPRS, improved by approximately 50% (P〈0.001) as compared with the condition under previous neuroleptic medication. Blockade of serotonin receptors may be related to improvement of autistic behaviour, dysphoria, and parkinson-like symptoms. In residual schizophrenic patients, the need for dopamine blockade, which is normally correlated with the therapeutic effect on positive symptoms, can be reduced substantially.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428197
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of acute administration of d-amphetamine and haloperidol on procedural learning in man (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 129 (1997), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key wordsd-Amphetamine ; Haloperidol ; Procedural learning ; Automatic processing ; Dopamine ; Neuroleptic medication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of an indirect dopamine-agonist, d-amphetamine, and a non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, were investigated in normal male volunteers using a between-subjects double-blind design in a procedural learning task, thought mainly to involve unconscious/automatic learning. The results showed: (1) d-amphetamine facilitated response speed, whereas haloperidol inhibited it, in comparison to placebo; (2) the linear increase in procedural learning corresponded with pharmacological manipulation of degree of dopaminergic activity, i.e. subjects given haloperidol showed the least, and subjects given d-amphetamine the greatest, procedural learning. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to investigation of abnormalities of procedural learning processes in schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050190
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential haloperidol effect on two indices of fentanyl-saline discrimination (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 53 (1977), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Haloperidol ; Fentanyl ; Drug discrimination ; Narcotic cue ; Discrimination index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using a discrete-trial, two-lever, foodreward discrimination learning paradigm, we trained rats (n=6) to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl (s.c. t-30′) from saline. Stimulus generalization experiments with an adequate dose range (0.01–0.04 mg/kg) of fentanyl revealed that the ED50 value for drug lever selection is 0.02 mg/kg, irrespective of whether the animals were pretreated (s.c., t-60′) with either saline or 0.08 mg/kg haloperidol. With increasing doses of the haloperidol-fentanyl combination, the percentage of total responding on the selected lever progressively decreased, and reached the 50% level at the highest drug combination. It is concluded that this percentage is heavily contaminated by factors unrelated to the discrimination condition being studied; these factors seem to invalidate this percentage as a discrimination index under experimental conditions (e.g., behaviorally toxic doses of drugs) where they are likely to operate. The use of response selection as a discrimination index in drug discrimination research is further argued.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426488
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The specificity of neuroleptic- and methysergide-induced behavioral hypersensitivity (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 55 (1977), S. 49-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 5-Hydroxytryptophan ; Serotonin ; Neuroleptics ; Methysergide ; Dopamine ; Hyper-sensitivity ; Apomorphine ; Amphetamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been proposed that prolonged pharmacologic blockade of specific receptor sites by specific antagonists results in specific denervation hypersensitivity. The exact specificity of such antagonist-induced behavioral hypersensitivity has not previously been investigated. The present study was undertaken to determine whether hypersensitivity induced by a chronic dopamine antagonist (chlorpromazine or haloperidol) and by a serotonin antagonist (methysergide) is specific to their respective agonists or whether the induced physiologic alterations are more generalized. Chlorpromazine, haloperidol, or methysergide was given to guinea pigs daily for 21 days and the subsequent behavioral responses to d-amphetamine, apomorphine, and d,l-5-hydroxytryptophan were observed. Chronic dopaminergic antagonism resulted in hypersensitivity to dopamine agonism but did not change the response to serotonin agonism as gauged by 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced stereotypy. Chronic serotonin antagonism was shown to result in hypersensitivity to serotonin agonism, which was not associated with any increase in the behavioral response to either direct or indirect dopamine antagonists. These findings indicate that the chronic administration of dopamine and serotonin antagonists results in behavioral hypersensitivity, which is limited to the system antagonized, and that antagonist-induced hypersensitivity involves the transmitter-specific receptors blocked by the antagonist in question.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432816
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-Speed Tools for Global Information Management. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of systems integration 8 (1998), S. 343-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Keywords: Transparent Query Language ; Mathematically Complete Language ; Philosophically Closed Language ; SOLID Retrieval/Processing System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This part, PART IIB [2], of the document “HIGH-SPEED TOOLS FOR GLOBAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL)” [1–6] contains the specifications for the operations that provide the arithmetic capabilities for Transparent Query Language. PART IIB references PART IIA [1] and PART IIC [3]. Concise definitions of Transparent Query Language terms, Conclusions and Acknowledgments are given in PART IIF [6].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008417304065
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-Speed Tools for Global Information Management. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of systems integration 8 (1998), S. 359-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Keywords: Transparent Query Language ; Mathematically Complete Language ; Philosophically Closed Language ; SOLID Retrieval/Processing System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This part, PART IIC [3], of the document “HIGH-SPEED TOOLS FOR GLOBAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL)” [1–6] is a continuation of [2] and should be studied immediately after reading PART IIB [2]. It describes (i) the security system that can be easily invoked to deny unauthorized access to any item of information in any database; (ii) the special codes that can be used to specify virtually any degree of uncertainty; (iii) the registry numbers which terminate information paths; and (iv) the command structure for the Transportable Query Language. PART IIC references PART IIA [1], PART IIB [2], PART IID [4] and PART IIF [6]. Concise definitions of Transparent Query Language terms, Conclusions and Acknowledgments are given in PART IIF [6].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008469320904
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