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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral evidence for the role of noradrenaline in putative anxiolytic and sedative effects of benzodiazepines (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 280-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepines ; Triazolopyridazines ; Noradrenaline ; Clonidine ; Yohimbine ; Drug discrimination stimulus ; Fixed ratio performance ; Bicuculline ; Ro 15-1788 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of clonidine on the antianxiety and sedation of benzodiazepines (BZD) were assessed respectively in rats trained in a two-lever diazepam cue discrimination procedure and in single-lever fixed-ratio (FR) water-reinforced performance. Clonidine (10–60 μg/kg) significantly shifted to the left the dose-effect curves of diazepam in the discrimination paradigm. This treatment also shifted generalization dose-effect curves of the diazepam cue to chlordiazepoxide and CL 218872 to the left in the drug discrimination procedure. The diazepam cue was antagonized in a dose-related manner by Ro 15-1788, but not by bicuculline. Clonidine also potentiated the rate-decreasing effects of diazepam on the FR schedule when the dose of diazepam was increased to 0.3 mg/kg, but not the milder rate-decreasing effect of CL 218872 until the dose of CL 218872 was increased to 10 mg/kg. The potentiating effects of clonidine on the stimulus control and depression of diazepam were antagonized by yohimbine. Yohimbine (1.0 mg/kg) also significantly shifted the dose-effect curve of diazepam cue to the right. Bicuculline (3 mg/kg) completely antagonized the rate-decreasing effect of diazepam (1 mg/kg), but significantly potentiated the rate-suppressant effect of clonidine (10 μg/kg). These results suggest that the central noradrenaline (NA) system may be involved not only in the antianxiety, but also the sadative action of BZD. The nature of NA involvement in relation to the different subtypes of BZD receptors requires further exploration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174525
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Early Developmental Pattern of Expression of Neurotensin/Neuromedin N Gene in Foregut and Midgut (1999)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 44 (1999), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: GUT DIFFERENTIATION ; ONTOGENY ; REGIONAL GENE EXPRESSION ; ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS ; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTIONPOLYMERASE CHAINREACTION
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The gut endocrine gene, neurotensin (NT/N), isexpressed in a strict temporally and spatially specificpattern. Utilizing a sensitive reversetranscription-polymerase chain reaction procedure, weanalyzed foregut and midgut organs for NT/N expression,determined the earliest apparent time point that NT/N isexpressed in the gastrointestinal tract and compared thetemporal relationship of NT/N with other genes. NT/N expression was detected in thefetal and early postnatal stomach. In the small bowel,NT/N was expressed at the earliest fetal time (14 days)that the small bowel could be reliably delineated from other gut organs; in contrast, expressionof sucrase-isomaltase was only apparent at 28 days afterbirth. NT/N was expressed in the fetal (12, 14 and 16days) liver and then again on days 3 and 7 after birth; however, NT/N was detected only in thefetal (14 and 16 days) pancreas. Finally, NT/Nexpression was first detected at ~12 days gestation inthe primitive foregut and midgut, thus occurringsignificantly earlier than actual intestinalcytodifferentiation. NT/N is widely expressed in thegastrointestinal tract during fetal development,suggesting the presence of a shared ancestral stem cell;NT/N expression is then restricted to the small bowel of theadult. The determination of the cellular factorsregulating the expression of NT/N will provide a betterunderstanding of the mechanisms responsible for the strict patterning of gene expression in thegastrointestinal tract and possibly gutdifferentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026637730050
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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