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  • Hippocampal formation  (2)
  • diabetic nephropathy  (2)
  • EMG gaps
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apolipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 438-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; diabetic nephropathy ; apolipoprotein(a) ; cardiovascular disease ; lipid metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relative mortality from cardiovascular disease is on average increased five-fold in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy compared to non-diabetic subjects. We assessed the possible contribution of dyslipidaemia in general and elevated serum apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) in particular. Type 2 diabetic patients with normo-, micro- and macroalbuminuria were compared with healthy subjects. Each group consisted of 37 subjects matched for age, sex and diabetes duration. Serum creatinine in the nephropathy group was 105 (54–740) Μmol/l. The prevalence of ischaemic heart disease (resting ECG, Minnesota, Rating Scale) was 57, 35, 19 and 2% in macro-, micro- and normoalbuminuric diabetic patients and healthy subjects, respectively. The prevalence of ischaemic heart disease was higher in all diabetic groups as compared to healthy subjects (p〈0.05), and higher in macroalbuminuric as compared to normoalbuminuric diabetic patients (p〈0.01). There was no significant difference between apo(a) in the four groups: 161 (10–1370), 191 (10–2080), 147 (10–942), 102 (10–1440) U/l (median (range)) in macro-, micro- and normoalbuminuric groups and healthy subjects. Serum total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were not significantly different when comparing healthy subjects and each diabetic group. Apolipoprotein A-I was lower (p〈0.05) in all diabetic groups as compared to healthy subjects (nephropathy vs healthy subjects): 1.50±0.25 vs 1.69±0.32 g/l (mean ± SD). Triglyceride was higher (p〈0.05) in patients with nephropathy and microalbuminuria as compared to healthy subjects (nephropathy vs healthy subjects): 2.01 (0.66–14.7) vs 1.09 (0.41–2.75) mmol/l (median (range)). Apolipoprotein B was higher (p〈0.02) in patients with nephropathy as compared to the other three groups (nephropathy vs healthy subjects): 1.54±0.47 vs 1.33±0.30 g/l. In conclusion, our case-control study has confirmed that Type 2 diabetic patients with increased urinary albumin excretion frequently suffer from dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. However, our study revealed no significant elevation in serum concentration of apo(a) in patients with diabetic nephropathy, but numbers were small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402281
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma lipoproteins and renal function during simvastatin treatment in diabetic nephropathy (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 447-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Plasma lipoproteins ; albuminuria ; diabetic nephropathy ; glomerular filtration rate ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to assess the effect of simvastatin on plasma lipoproteins and renal function in hypercholesterolaemic Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Twenty-six hypercholesterolaemic (total cholesterol ≽ 5.5 mmol/l) Type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy were enrolled in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study for 12 weeks. The active treatment group (n -14) received simvastatin (10–20 mg/day) for 12 weeks while the remaining 12 patients received treatment with placebo. The results during simvastatin treatment (baseline vs 12 weeks): total cholesterol 6.6 vs 4.8 mmol/1 (p 〈 0.01), LDL-cholesterol 4.25 vs 2.57 mmol/l (p 〈 0.01) and apolipoprotein B 1.37 vs 1.06 mmol/l (p 〈 0.01). HDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I remained unchanged. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein A–I, apolipoprotein B remained unchanged during placebo treatment. Albuminuria measured during the simvastatin and the placebo treatment (baseline vs 12 weeks) (the data are logarithmically transformed before analysis because of their positively skewed transformation; geometric mean (×/÷ antilog SE) is indicated) was 458 (×/÷ 1.58) vs 393 (×/÷ 1.61) and 481 (×/÷ 1.62) vs 368 (×/÷ 1.78 μg/min (NS). Glomerular filtration rate during simvastatin and placebo treatment (baseline vs 12 weeks) was 64 vs 63 and 72 vs 74 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2, respectively. Two patients receiving simvastatin treatment were withdrawn, one due to gastrointestinal side effects and one due to myalgia. In conclusion, our short-term study in Type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy did not reveal any beneficial effect on albuminuria despite a striking lipid-lowering effect of simvastatin in diabetic nephropathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342442
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unit analysis of hippocampal population spikes (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 208-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampal formation ; Single units ; Population spike ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The assumption that the negative extracellular population spikes recorded from the pyramidal or granular layers in the hippocampal formation in response to appropriate afferent volleys is due to the sum of individual unitary discharges was tested by recording unit activity and population spike with microelectrodes, using normal and ultrashort amplifier time constants. 2. Unit spikes were correlated in time with the population spike. 3. The size of the population spike was altered by varying the stimulus strength, or by using a conditioning-test technique. In either case the number of units recorded followed the change in the size of the population spike. For very large population spikes, the technique failed since unit spikes could then no longer be clearly distinguished. 4. The theoretically expected shape of the population spike as a summation of individual unit discharges was derived, and discussed in terms of the observed results. 5. We conclude that over a wide range the height of the population spike is an increasing function of the number of discharging cells and can thus be used as a measure of the extent to which an afferent volley discharges a cell population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234086
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern of muscle activity during stereotyped work and its relation to muscle pain (1990)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1990), S. 31-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Interindividual variability ; Static workload ; EMG gaps ; Neck and shoulder complaints ; Electromyography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Standardized and machine-paced work tasks at a packing machine were examined to evaluate interindividual variability of muscle activity patterns. Ten trained female workers, without musculo-skeletal complaints at the time of the recording, performed the work tasks while electromyographic (EMG) recordings were obtained from both upper trapezius muscles. Static muscle activity and periods of between 0.2 and 2 s duration with low muscle activity, EMG gaps, were analysed. Complaints of muscular fatigue, soreness or pain in the neck and shoulders during the last 12 months were recorded. The level of static muscle activity was 1.6 (range 0.4 to 2.5) per cent of maximal voluntary contraction and median number of EMG gaps was 4.8 (range 0.8 to 20) per minute. Workers with previous episodes of complaints (five subjects) had higher levels of static muscle activity and fewer EMG gaps than workers without such episodes (p 〈 0.05, Wilcoxon 2-sample test, one-tailed). Considerable interindividual variability of muscle activity patterns was found in spite of stereotyped work. No causal relations may be inferred from the correlation between the level of trapezius activity and complaints, though it indicates that individual, inexpedient muscle activity patterns may constitute an important risk factor for development of musculo-skeletal complaints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397846
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lamellar organization of hippocampal excitatory pathways (1971)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 222-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampal formation ; Excitatory pathways ; Lamellar organization ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Entorhinal activation of the hippocampal cortex involves the sequential activation of a four-membered pathway: the perforant path from the entorhinal area — the mossy fibres from the dentate granule cells — the Schaffer collaterals of the CA3 pyramidal cells and finally, the CA1 pyramidal cell axons in the alveus. 2. The spatial orientation of these four fibre bundles has been studied by recording the extracellular field potentials (population spike), signalling the discharge of neurones in response to orthodromic or antidromic impulses. The height of the population spike was taken as an indicator of the number of cells discharged (see the previous paper). 3. The perforant path fibres from neighbouring parts of the entorhinal area run in a parallel fashion in a direction nearly transversely to the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus. In the dorsal part of the hippocampus, this direction was nearly sagittal, confirming Lømo (1971 a). The mossy fibres as well as the Schaffer collaterals and the alvear fibres were all found to run in the same direction. Thus, a point source of entorhinal activity projects its impulses through the four-membered pathway along a slice, or lamella, of hippocampal tissue oriented normally to the alvear surface and nearly sagittally in the dorsal part of the hippocampal formation. Also with more temporal locations of the stimulating and recording electrodes, the lamellar organization was maintained, but with a different orientation, matching the curving of the hippocampus so that the angle between the plane of the lamella and the longitudinal axis remained the same. 4. By injection of a quick-setting solution of vinyl acetate, the direction of the arteries and veins in the hippocampal formation was displayed. The branches from the artery running in the hippocampal fissure are nearly straight and are oriented in a direction similar to that of the lamellae. 5. The hippocampal cortex seems to be organized in parallel lamellae, both with regard to the neuronal and the vascular system. By means of this lamellar organization, small strips of the hippocampal cortex may operate as independent functional units, although excitatory and inhibitory transverse connections may modify the behaviour of the neighbouring lamellae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234087
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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