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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Chick ; Embryo ; Epiblast ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epiblast of young chick embryos of stages 4–8 (Hamburger and Hamilton) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of surface differentiation, two zones can be distinguished. 1. Paramedian, where the epithelium is pseudostratified, the cell borders are marked by specialized vesicular and bowl-like structures. 2. Laterally, where the epithelium is cuboid or prismatic, the cells are covered by microvilli, which are particularly dense at the cell borders. In both zones single cilia and in addition long fibrelike connections (“connecting cords”) between two non-adjacent cells can be found. The surface structures are discussed in relation to electron microscope data in terms of their origin and biological significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 157 (1979), S. 291-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Leg bud ; Cell migration ; Myogenic stem cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The migration of myogenic stem cells into the leg anlagen of chick embryos between stages 16–20 of Hamburger and Hamilton was examined. SEM and TEM studies reveal that cell migration starts at stage 16 from the just-formed somites 26–28. The migrating myogenic cells are elongated and oriented in a medio-lateral direction. The leading ends branch into filopodia which contact a fibrillar network. At first, single cells migrate; later on the cells leaving the ventro-lateral edge of the dermatome migrate in strands and have specialized contacts between them. After reaction with ruthenium red and concanavalin A the migrating cells show a thick surface coat to which ruthenium red-positive particles are attached. The surface coat may be important in the interactions among the migrating cells as well as between the cells and the substrate. The migration of myogenic stem cells was found to take place in a matrix of collagenous fibrils and ruthenium red-positive particles, probably containing glycosaminoglycans. At the onset of migration the fibrillar network exhibits a preferred mediolateral orientation. Therefore, it may be concluded that this alignment of the fibrils influences the direction of cell migration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 153 (1978), S. 179-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Origin of wing musculature ; Myogenic stem cells ; Cell migration ; Collagen fibrils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In chick embryos undifferentiated myogenic stem cells migrate from the ventrolateral somite respectively dermatome edge into the prospective wing region after the second day of incubation. At first, single cells that are elongated in mediolateral direction, later also small groups of cells, are found in the space between somites and somatopleura at the wing bud level. The leading ends of the migrating cells are formed like finger-shaped lobopodia as well as flattened lamellipodia from which thin filopodia arise. The main structural features of the cell processes are microtubules and microfilaments predominantly oriented parallel to the long axis of the cells. The filopodia are found to be in close connection with the surrounding network of collagen fibrils. Since the main strands of the fibrils show a mediolateral orientation, it may be assumed that the direction of cell migration depends on the arrangement of the collagen fibrils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 138 (1972), S. 82-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Chick ; Embryo ; Somitogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Voruntersuchungen an Schnittserien normaler Hühnerembryonen werden zur Prüfung der Voraussetzung der Somitogenese folgende Experimente ausgführt: 1. Von Spenderembryonen der Stadien 5–7 (nach Hambruger und Hamilton) wird neben dem Kopffortsatz gelegenes Mesoderm unter das extraembryonale Ektoderm älterer Embryonen verpflanzt. 2. Hinter dem Hensenschen Knoten gelegenes, achsennahes Mesoderm von Spenderembryonen der Stadien 5–7 wird in den extraembryonalen Bereich des Blastoderms oder in das Cölom zwei Tage alter Wirtsembryonen transplantiert. 3. Nach Exstirpation von Neuralrohr bzw. Neuralrohr und Chorda werden die Differenzierungsprozesse des axialen Mesoderms untersucht. Die Auswertung aller Schnittserien ergibt folgende Resultate: Achsennahes Mesoderm vermag sich unter den beschriebenen experimentellen Bedingungen metamer zu gliedern. Als Voraussetzung für die Somitenentstehung hat sich eine enge Lagebeziehung zwischen achsennahem Mesoderm einerseits und angrenzenden Epithelien andererseits erwiesen. Sowohl während der Normalentwicklung als auch unter experimentell veränderten Bedingungen ist das epithelial begrenzte Mesoderm durch eine charakteristische Schichtung, zunehmende Polarisierung der Zellen und nachfolgende metamere Gliederung gekennzeichnet. Da sich im Experiment achsennahes Mesoderm entlang nur des Ektoderms, des Entoderms oder des Aortenendothels segmentiert, kann der Einfluß der Epithelien nicht im Sinne einer „spezifischen Induktionswirkung” gedeutet werden.
    Notes: Summary After preliminary examinations of serial sections of normal chick embryos the following experiments were carried out in order to examine the conditions of somitogenesis: 1. Mesoderm from donors stage 5–7 (Hamburger and Hamilton) located by the side of the head process was transplanted under the ectoderm in the extraembryonic area of older host embryos. 2. Undifferentiated presumptive somite mesoderm of embryos of the stages 5–7 which was located behind Hensen's node, was transplanted into the extraembryonic area of two days old embryos. 3. The development of axial mesoderm after extirpation of the neural tube resp. the neural tube and notochord has been examined. By the examination of the serial histological sections we obtained the following results: Paraxial mesoderm (inclusive undifferentiated presumptive somite mesoderm behind the node) is able to form somites under the experimental conditions described above. The contiguity of paraxial mesoderm with the adjacent epithelial structures has proved essential for somite development. During normal development as well as under experimental conditions the mesoderm surrounded by epithelial structures is distinguished by a characteristic stratification, polarity of the cells and following segmentation. Since under experimental conditions somitogenesis occurs only along the ectoderm, the entoderm or the aortic endothelium, the influence of epithelial structures on the process of segmentation cannot be considered as an effect in the sense of “induction”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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